es posti warmoadgens wina post `babilonis~ gagrZelebas da masSi warmodgenilia Gemeuli xedva qarTuli saPelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebaze, mis dakninebasa Tu Pelaxali aRdgenis mcdelobebze.
“შენ, ჰე, ფარნაოზ, ჰქმენ ერთმთავრობა!”
1
ganviTarebis didi gza ganvlo qarTulma saPelmwifoebriobam. Tavdapirvelad qarTvelur tomebs Gamoyalibebuli saPelmwifo ar unda hqonodaT, magram ganviTarebis maRal safexurze imyofebodnen. uZveles wyaroebSi SemorGenilia ramdenime qarTuli qveynis saxeli: kolxa, diaoxi, kaskebi, muskebi, anu mesxebi, romlebic bibliaSi moxseniebulni arian meSeqis saxeliT. es qveynebi, ase Tu ise, warmatebiT umklavdebodnen mezobel saPelmwifoTa ieriSebs (urartu, xeTebi, asurelebi da sxva).
2
qarTvelTa qveynebSi gansakuTrebiT dawinaurebuli yofila soflis meurneoba da meliToneoba (metalurgia). maT pirvelebs dauwyiaT foladis gamodnoba. mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis samSoblodac saqarTvelo iTvleba. qarTvelur qveynebs hqoniaT farTo savaWro urTierTobebi Tavisi droYs maRalganviTarebul qveynebTan.
3
qeristHs Sobamde I aTaswleulSi qarTvelebiT yofila dasaxlebuli centraluri da dasavleTi amierkavkasia da mcire aziis udidesi nawili. amave dros mniSvnelovnad dawinaurda aRmosavleT qarTvelTa qveyana _ qarTli (iberia). cnobebs qarTlis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad leonti mrovelisgan vigebT. misi cnobiT qarTls mcxeTeli mamasaxlisebi marTavdnen, romelTac Zlieri Pelisufleba ar gaaGndaT (amis naTeli magaliTia is, rom erT-erT mamasaxliss sparselebisgan devnili TurqebisaTvis TavSesafris misacemad saxalxo krebis mowveva dasWirda). mcxeTel mamasaxlisebs emorGilebodnen adgilobrivi mamasaxlisebi.
4
amave droYs qarTul tomebze saintereso cnobas gvawvdis berZeni istorikosi qsenofonte, romelic sparseTidan saberZneTSi ukan mimaval saxedro SenaerTs axlda Tan. aRniSnulma jarma taoze gaiara. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevda momxvdurT. berZnebma didi gaWirvebiT aiRes maTi cixe-simagre. Zlieri, centralizebuli Pelisuflebis ararsebobis gamo, taoxebma daxmareba ver miiRes.
5
aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobis dasawyisisTvis mcire azieli qarTveluri tomebi aqemeniduri sparseTis saPelmwifos gavlenis qveS cxovrobdnen. maT raime mniSvnelovani centralizebuli mmarTveloba ar unda hqonodaT. amasTanave Savi zRvis sanapiros gayolebiT TavianTi savaWro koloniebi hqondaT daarsebuli berZnebs. mcire aziaSi mdebare aRniSnuli koloniebi damoukideblad arsebobdnen da garkveul zegavlenas axdendnen adgilobriv mosaxleobaze, xolo egrisis teritoriaze arsebuli koloniebi, didad ganicdidnen megrul gavlenas.
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kolxeTi, anu egrisi aRniSnul periodSi dawinaurebuli qveyana yofila, romelsac gaaGnda saPelmwifos garkveuli niSnebi: mas hyavda Tavisi mmarTveli, romelsac raRac saPelisuflebo aparatic unda hyoloda da garkveul sagareo politikasac awarmoebda (leonti mrovelis cnobiT egrisis erisTavi quji ixdida xarks). berZnuli wyaroebis cnobiT, egriss agreTve gaaGnda teritoriul-administraciuri dayofa. im aqtiuri politikis gamo, rasac jer kolxas, xolo Semdeg egrisis qveynebi awarmoebdnen, megruli sazogadoeba ganviTarebis maRal safexurze imyofeboda, magram maT ar gaaGndaT srulyofili saPelmwifo, romelic sakmaris winaaRmdegobas gauwevda elinizms, anda Tavad Gaudgeboda qarTvelTa ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas saTaveSi. rogoc Gans maT ar unda hqonodaT saPelmwifo ideologia, anu pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu risTvisaa saWiro egrisis saPelmwifo?
7
aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobis Semdeg qarTveluri qveynebi elinistebis (ix. posti babiloni, abzaci 17,18) yuradRebis qveS moeqcnen. mcire aziuri qarTveluri qveynebi or elinistur saPelmwifod _ pontod da kabadokiad gaerTiandnen. savaraudoT, zemoaRniSnuli qveynebidan iyo warmoSobiT qarTlis elinisti mmarTveli azoni. leonti mrovelis cnobiT, berZnebi qarTlSi ZaliT Semosulan. maT mokles mcxeTis mamasaxlisi samara da misi Zma, da sammarTvelod qveyana azons Gaabares. azonma daxarka kidev erTi qarTveluri qveyana egrisi.
8
azoni, rogorc elinisti mmarTveli, qarTlis srul elinizacias cdilobda. rogorc Gans, mosaxleoba mtkice winaaRmdegobas uwevda dampyrobT, xolo azoni ki represiuli zomebiT pasuxobda. mogvianebiT azonis winaaRmdeg brZolas saTaveSi Gaudga mokluli mamasaxlisis Zmis Svili farnavazi. farnavazma kavSiri Sekra egrisis mmarTvel qujisTan da Grdilokavakasiel tomebTan, ris Semdegac mcxeTisken daiZra. azons Tavisi jaris nawilic aujanyda. man farnavazisTvis jerovani winaaRmdegobis gaweva ver SeZlo da klarjeTSi gamagrda, sadac daxmareba miiRo berZenTagan.
9
isargebla ra, ori elinisturi imperiis urTierTqiSpiT, farnavazi operatiulad daukavSirda selevkiduri siriis mmarTvels da moipova ra misi keTilganwyoba, sirielTagan azonis winaaRmdeg gamarTul brZolaSi samxedro daxmareba miiRo. gadamwyveti brZola azonsa da farnavazs Soris qajTa qalaqTan (dRevandel artaanTan) moxda, sadac azoni moklul iqna.
10
mrTalia, artaanis brZolis Semdeg elinistTa winsvla SeGerebul iqna, magam elinisturi safrTxe bolomde acilebuli ar iyo. amitom qarTvelebma gadawyvites ganevrcoT miRweuli warmateba da SeeqmnaT erovnuli saPelmwifo. azonis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi naTlad gamoGnda erTobis Zala da is upiratesobebi, rasac centralizebuli Pelisufleba iZleoda. kerZod ufro advilad xerxdeboda gareSe mtrebTan sabrZolvelad jaris Sekreba (mobilizacia) da swrafad xdeboda SesaZlebeli saerTaSoriso problemebis gadawyveta, anu maRldeboda qveynis Tavdacvisunarianoba.
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`ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlsa Sina, qarTlosisa naTesavTagani. aman ganavrco enaY qarTuli da arRara izraxeboda sxKaY ena qarTlsa Sina TKinier qarTulisa da man Seqmna mwignobrobaY qarTuli~_ gadmogvcems leonti mroveli. rogorc zemoTqmulidan Gans, farnavzs Tavisi erovnuli ideologiis saZirkvlad qarTuli mwignobroba gauxdia (elinizmic xom umdidres berZnul kulturaze iyo damyarebuli). elinisturi TvalTaxedviT, saqarTvelo iyo pirveli `barbarosuli~ saPelmwifo, romelmac SeZlo berZenTa uRlis gadagdeba.
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farnavazma mniSvnelovani saPelmwifo da religiuri reforma gaatara. man qveyana Svid saerisTavod da erT saspaspetod dahyo. saerisTavoebs mefis erisTavebi ganagebdnen, romelTac jari gamohyavdaT da gadasaxadebs hkrefdnen, xolo Sida qarTls ki spaspeti ganagebda. spaspetis Tanamdebobis (saPelos) arseboba mowmobs Tavad spis, anu profesionaluri armiis arsebobasac, rac saPelmwifoebriobis pirdapiri dadasturebaa. egrisis yofili mmarTveli quji, romelic farnavazs daexmara elinistebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da morGileba aRuTqva jer kidev ltolvil winamZRols, egrisis erisTavad darGa. farnavazis dros mcxeTaSi daidga armazis kerpi, romelzec (da mcxeTaSi arsebul kidev sam kerpze) mTeli saqarTvelo loculobda. farnavazi eweoda aRmSneblobiT saqmianobasac.
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amrigad, qarTuli erovnuli saPelmwifos Seqmna pasuxobda Tavisi droYs moTxovnebs da uzrunvelyofda saqarTvelos Tavdacvisunarianobis mniSvnelovnad gazrdas; arsebuli ukve maSindel moTxovnebs veRar pasuxobda. amasTanave qarTuli saPelmwifo ar zRudavda mezobeli qveynebis kanonier uflebebs da Tavisuflebas. amis naTeli magaliTia is, rom saqarTvelos saPelmwifos mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze arasdros hqonia miswrafeba ewarmoebina omebi mezoblebis, gansakurebiT sakuTari saPelmwifoebriobis armqone Grdilokavkasielebis dasapyrobad.
“ქართლად ფრიადი ქუეყანაჲ აღირაცხების”
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farnavazis sikvdilis Semdeg elinisturi safrTxis Semcirebis kvaldakval qarTvelebma erTianoba veRar SeinarGunes da istoriografiaSi egrisi kvlav calke saPelmwifod ixsenieba. Tumca qarTlis mefeebi udides gavlenas inarGunebdnen megrelTa qveyanaSi da drodadro aRadgendnen qveynis erTianobas.
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qristHs Sobamde I saukuneSi saqarTveloSi Tavisi Zlierebis mwvervalze myofi romaelebi SemoiWrnen. maT daikaves egrisis SavizRvipira qalaqebi da qarTlTan samokavSireo PelSekruleba dades. qarTvelebi romaelebs parTiis samefosgan da kavakasiis GrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi momTabare `barbarosebisgan~ imperiis sazRvrebis dacvaSi exmarebodnen, xolo dasustebis gziT mimaval romis imperias ukve aRar Seswevda qarTlis damorGilebis unari. es naTlad gamoGnda imperator adrianesa da qarTlis mefe farsman qvels Soris warmoSobil dapirispirebaSi, rodesac imperatorze samarTlianad ganawyenebulma mefem romis aRmosavleTi provinciebi sarmatebsa da alanebs daarbevina, xolo imperiam aRniSnul gamowvevaze verafriT upasuxa.
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ieso qristHs moRvaweobis Semdeg, qristianulma sarwmunoebam mTels msoflioSi iwyo gavrceleba. gadmocemiT, wilisyris dros, Tu vis sad unda eqadaga sarwmunoeba, saqarTvelo TviT RvTismSobels rgebia, magram is uflis nebiT ar Gamosula Gvens qveyanaSi da saqarTveloSi qristianoba mociqulebs andria pirvelwodebuls, simon kananels da mataTas uqadagniaT. mataTa saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad WaneTSi moRvaweobda, simon kananeli ZiriTadad egrisSi qadagebda, xolo andria WaneTidan qarTlSi aWaris gziT gadasula da qristianoba qarTlis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi uqadagnia. andria pirvelwodebuls pirveli eklesia awyurSi augia, ris Semdeg mas klarjeTis erisTavma umaspinZla.
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mociqulebis moRvaweobis Sedegad qristianoba gavrcelda egrissa da qarTlis nawilSi, ramac ganarisxa qarTlis warmarTi mefe mirdat-aderki, romelmac qristianTa rbeva daiwyo, ris Sedegadac qristianobis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi ver moxerxda. qristHs Sobidan IV saukuneSi saqarTveloSi qristianobis saqadageblad kabadokieli qalwuli nino Semovida. misi aq Gamosvla ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom mcxeTaSi inaxeboda qristes kvarTi, romelic saqarTveloSi elioz mcxeTelma da longinoz karsnelma GamoabrZanes. eliozis dam sidoniam ki qristH unaxavad da uqadageblad iwama.
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qalwul ninos saqarTveloSi Semosvlisas RvTismSobeli gamoecxada da vazis jvari gadasca, romelic ninom sakuTari TmiT Sekra. swored am jvris madliT da udidesi rwmeniT moaxerxa qalwulma ninom qarTlis mTavari kerpis _ armazis Semusvra. qarTlis mefe miriani Tavdapirvelad undoblad Sexvda ninos qadagebas, magram mas Semdeg rac ninom SeZlo ganukurnebuli seniT Sepyrobili nana dedoflis gankurneba (ris Semdegac dedofali qristianobaze moeqca) da TxoTis mTaze momxdari saswaulis Sedegad, mefem miiRo qristianoba, romelic qarTlis saPelmwifo religiad gamocxadda. amis Semdeg qristianuli sarwmunoeba droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTveli eris gamaerTiaenebel erT-erT qvakuTxedad iqca.
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mefe mirianis dros qristianoba saPelmwifo religiad iqca agreTve romis imperiaSi, ris Sedegadac qarTlisa da romis urTierToba kidev ufro gaRrmavda. Tavidan qarTlis eklesia antioqiis sapatriarqoSi Sedioda, magram V saukuneSi calke sakaTalikosod Gamoyalibda.
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IV-V saukuneebis mijnaze saqarTveloze Seteva daiwyo sasanianuri iranis saPelmwifom, romelsac zurgs mazdeanuri sarwmunoeba umagrebda. amave xanaSi moxda romis imperiis orad gayofa, ris Sedegadac saqarTvelos mezoblad bizantiis imperia Gamoyalibda. V-VII saukuneebSi am or imperias Soris ganuwyveteli omebi mimdinareobda. saqarTvelo am omebis erT-erT asparezad iqca. qarTvelebi ufro xSirad erTmorwmune bizantias uWerdnen mxars. iranis winaaRmdeg brZolebiT gansakuTrebiT gaiTqva saxeli saqarTvelos mefe vaxtang I gorgasalma, romelmac saqarTvelos gamTlianeba moaxerxa. vaxtang gorgasalma dalaSqra agreTve kavkasiis GrdiloeTiT momTabare veluri alanebi, riTac maTgan saqarTvelos GrdiloeTi sazRvrebis uSiSroeba mTeli aTasi wliT uzrunvelyo. man agreTve didad iRvawa religiur-kulturul da aRmSeneblobiT saqmeSi.
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vaxtang gorgaslis sikvdilis Semdeg iranelebma qarTlSi mefoba gaauqmes da aq Tavisi marzpani dasves. Tumca VI saukunis II naxevaSi qarTli faqtiurad gaTavisuflda iranelTa batonobisgan, magram mefoba mainc ver aRsdga. qveyanas erismTavari marTavda, romelic erisTavTagan irGeoda da faqtiurad iyo pirveli TanasworTa Soris.
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VII saukunidan saqarTveloze Semoteva daiwyo arabTa xalifatma (ix. posti babiloni, abzaci 23-26), romelic saqarTveloSi islamis gavrcelebas isaxavda miznad. es naTlad Gans habib ibn maslamas `dacvis sigelidan~, riTac qarTli arabTa moxarke gaxda da yvela qarTul komls 1 dinari unda gadaexada arabebisTvis, xolo is, vinc islams miiRebda, gadasaxadidan Tavisufldeboda. qarTvelebi garkveul winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen arabebs da ar eguebodnen maT uRels, ris Sedegadac 735-738 wlebSi saqarTveloSi ilaSqra arabTa ufliswulma murvan yrum (SemdgomSi omaianTa dinastiis ukanaskneli xalifa marvan II). man SeZlo TiTqmis mTeli saqarTvelos mooxreba da afxazeTSi mdebare anakofiis cixemde miaRwia, sadac ukugdebul iqna qarTlis erismTavris ZeTagan.
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murvan yrus laSqrobis Semdeg mTeli saqarTvelosTvis naTeli gaxda is safrTxe, rasac Tavis TavSi muslimanuri ideologia atarebda. daiwyo arabTa winaaRmdeg mtkice, organizebuli gamosvlebi qveynis yvela kuTxeSi, magram radgan murvan yrus zemoTaRniSnuli laSqrobis Sedegad saqarTvelo mniSvnelovnad iyo dasustebuli da arabebis qveynidan gandevna ver moxerxda, saqarTveloSi adgil-adgil Gamoyalibda arabTagan damoukidebeli saPelmwifoebi. erT-erTi aseTi saPelmwifo gaxldaT tao-klarjeTis qarTvelTa samefo, romelsac saTaveSi Gaudga qarTlis ukanaskneli erismTavari aSot bagrationi.
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gadmocemiT, bagrationebi israelis mefis daviTis STamomavlebi, anu TviT mesiis xorcieli naTesavebi arian, romlebic israelidan gamodevnis Semdeg sperSi (dRevandeli ispiris da baiburTis raionebi, anu mdinare Woroxis saTave da misi zemoweli) dasaxldnen. mecnierebi ki varaudoben, rom bagrationebi iyvnen speris mTavrebi, xolo mefe daviTTan maT sulieri naTesaoba ufro akavSirebdaT, Tumca araa gamoricxuli, rom bagrationebi andria pirvelwodebulis maspinZeli klarjeTis erisTavis STamomavlebic yofiliyvnen. cxadia, rom bagrationebma TavianTi Zala-ufleba erismTavrobis periodSi moipoves.
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rTul dros mouxda moRvaweoba erismTavar aSot bagrations. darbeul qarTls aRar Seswevda Zala arabTa gandevnisa. saerismTavros GrdiloeT da aRmosavleT nawilSi moxerxda arabTagan damoukidebeli kaxeTisa da hereTis samTavroebis Gamoyalibeba, xolo Grdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis, anu afxazeTis mmarTvelma leonma mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo gaaerTiana erT saPelmwifod, romelsac afxazTa samefo ewoda. aSot bagrationma sworad auRo alRo arsebul viTarebas da qarTlis politikuri centri mis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi gadaitana, sadac arabTagan Tavisufali tao-klarjeTis qarTvelTa samefo daaarsa.
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tao-klarjeTis samefos daarsebas win uZRoda am kuTxeSi mimdinare saeklesio-samonastro mSenebloba, riTac es mxare kulturul-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovnad dawinaurda. saerTod, saqarTveloSi samonastro cxovrebis ganviTarebas Peli Seuwyo VI-VII saukuneebis mijnaze 13 asureli mamis moRvaweobam. 13 asureli mama ioane zedaznelis winamZRolobiT, saqarTveloSi siriidan Gamosulan. maT aq gandegili cxovreba, anu mosagreoba dauwyiaT da mimidevrebic gauGeniaT, anu safuZveli GauyriaT samonastro cxovrebisaTvis. moRvaweobdnen ra udabur adgilebSi, axdendnen `udbnoTa qalaqyofas~, anu udaburi adgilebis gaSenebas da aq samonastro meurneobis awyobas, rac Pels uwyobda am adgilebis garSemo mosaxleobis momravlebas da saerTo jamSi qveynis ekonomikis mniSvnelovnad gaZlierebas.
27
13 asureli mamidan gansakuTrebiT gamoirGeva daviT garejeli, romlis mier garejis udabnoSi daarsebuli monastris maxloblad XX saukuneSi, udidesi teqnikuri progresis miuxedavad, marcxiT damrTavda Tanamedrove soflis daarsebis mcdeloba, miuxedavad imisa, rom es sofeli monastridan ramdenime kilometrze GrdiloeTiT mdebareobs. daviT garejelma agreTve mniSvnelovnad aamaRla qarTuli eklesiis sulieri mxare, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mis mier ierusalimis molocvis ambavi.
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tao-klarjeTSi mimdinare saeklesio-samonastro aRmSeneblobis Sedegad es mxare mTels saqarTveloSi yvelaze metad dawinaurebuli aRmoGnda. swored tao-klarjeTis qarTvelTa samefos aRmoaGnda sakmarisi Zala raTa saTaveSi Gadgomoda saqarTvelos gaerTianebis saqmes. Zala, romelsac aRniSnuli samefo eyrdnoboda iyo ara imdenad materialuri (teritoriiTa da mosaxleobiT afxazTa samefo gacilebiT didi iyo), ramdenadac sulieri.
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eyrdnoboda ra, bagrationTa saPelmwifo ideologia daviT winaswarmetyvelisgan warmomavlobis ideas, bagrationi Pelmwifeni TavianT mmarTvelobas eklesiasTan mWidro kavSirSi axorcielebdnen. amas naTlad mowmobs aSot mefis aznauris, gabrielis, naTqvami eklesiis gamoGenili mamis, wminda grigol xanZTelis mimarT: `Tquen Tana ars sulieri keTili, xolo Guen Tana ars Porcieli keTili, ese SevzavneT urTi-erTas~. bagrationTa mier eklesiisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba saTanadod iqna SemGneuli eklesiis mierac. `ara moakldes mTavrobaY SvilTa SenTa da naTesavTa maTTa queyanasa amas ukunisamde JamTa~ _ ase locavda wmida grigol xanZTeli aSot bagrations.
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zemoT moyvanilidan naTlad Gans, rom bagrationebma TavianTi saPelmwifoebrioba qarTul kulturasTan erTad qristianul-marTmadideblur sarwmunoebaze daamyares. amis Sesaxeb naTlad gvamcnobs X saukunis cnobili hagiografi giorgi merGule: `qarTlad friadi queyanaY aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina Jami qarTuliTa eniTa Seiwirvis da locva yoveli aRevlinebis, xolo kKirileison berZnulad iTqmis~. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos saPelmwifos mTavri dasayrdeni qarTuli TviTmyofadoba, qarTuli ena da qristinuli sarwmunoeba gaxldaT da aqvea dafiqsirebuli is, rom saqarTvelos adgili saerTaSoriso-politikur sivrceSi berZnul-marTmadideblur samyaroSi moiZebneboda.
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swored qarTuli eklesiis Zliereba, da saxelmwifosa da eklesiis TanamSromloba daedo safuZvlad bagrationTa mier XI saukuneSi saqarTvelos erT samefoSi, erTi ideologiis qveS gaerTianebas, rasac XII saukuneSi mohyva qarTuli saPelmwifoebriobis manamde arnaxuli ganviTareba.
“ოდესმე დიდი ყოფილა საქართველო”
32
X-XI saukuneebis mijnaze erTdroulad ramdenime qarTuli saPelmwifos taxtze avida bagrat III bagrationi, romelmac Semdgom yvela qarTuli samefo gaaerTiana. amave periodSi bizantiis imperatorma basili II bulgarTmmusvrelma imperiis TiTqmis yvela mowinaaRmdegis damarcxeba SeZlo, ris gamoc saqarTvelos Semdgomi gaZliereba ukve aRar Sedioda berZen `mokavSireTa~ interesebSi maSin, roca manamde qarTuli saPelmwifoebi bizantiis Grdilo-aRmosavleTi sazRvrebis uSiSroebas uzrunvelyofdnen. bagrat III-s gardacvalebis Semdeg mTeli XI saukunis I naxevarSi bizantiis imperia, yoveli imperiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gafarTovebis maniakaluri miswrafebis gamo, saqarTvelos mimarT pidapir Tu arapirdapir Semotevebs ar wyvetda. aman didad avno rogorc saqarTvelos, ise Tavad bizantiis imperiasac da orive marTmadidebluri saPelmwifo moumzadebeli Sexvda axali, Turq-seljukTa, muslimanuri imperiis gamoGenas.
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mas Semdeg, rac 1071 wels Turqebma sastikad daamarcxes bizantiis jari manaskertTan brZolaSi. Zalagamoleulma berZnebma saqarTvelos mefe giorgi II-s araTu uklebliv daubrunes yvela, XI saukunis I naxevris konfliqtebis dros warTmeuli miwebi, aramed sxva qalaqebic dauTmes mas da amasTanave `kesarosis~ titulic mianiWes (adre saqarTvelos mefeebs ufro dabali xarisxiT moixseniebdnen berZnebi. sainteresoa, rom iseT Zlier mefes, rogoric bagrat III gaxldaT miniWebuli hqonda kurapalatis tituli; SedarebiT susti bagrat IV ki novelisimusis da sevastosis ufro maRal titulebs atarebda; xolo erT-erT yvelaze usustes qarTvel mefes giorgi II-s jer sevastosis, xolo Semdeg TviT kesarosis titulebi hqonda miniWebuli. ase rom, giorgi II erTad-erTi qarTveli keisari gaxldaT, radgan misma memkvidrem daviT IV-m uari Tqva bizantiur titulebze, Tumca adreul asakSi igi sevastosis tituls atarebda). miuxedavad amisa, giorgi II-m ver SeZlo veluri Turqebis SeGereba da seljukTa sultnis moxarke gaxda, magram 1089 wels man Tavis mefobaSi saukeTeso nabiji gadadga. kerZod taxti dauTmo 16 wlis ufliswuls daviT IV-s.
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1089 wels saqarTvelos umZimesi gKirgKini yvelaze Rirseul saWeTmpyrobels daadga Tavze keisarma giorgim Tavisive PeliT. daviT IV iyo udidesi sulieri da fizikuri Zalis mqone pirovneba. saqarTvelosTvis misi gamefeba namdvili RvTis wyaloba gaxldaT. gamefebisTanave daviT aRmaSenebeli Seudga jaris brZolisunarianobis amaRlebasa da GamoTeslili veluri Tuqebisagan qveynis gawmendas (Tanamedrove pirobebSi mefes albaT haagis tribunali gaasamarTlebda (Tu SeZlebda) TurqTa genocidisaTvis). 1099 wels, saerTaSoriso viTarebis saqarTvelos sasargeblod SecvlisTanave mefem xarki Seuwyvita seljukTa sultans da daiwyo gamalebuli ieriSi qarTuli saPelmwifoebis saboloo gaerTianebisaTvis da muslimanTagan dapyrobili teritoriebis gaTavisuflebisaTvis.
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qveynis SigniT urGi erisTavebis dasjis Semdeg, 1103 wels daviTma kaxeT-hereTis samefo SemoierTa, rasac erwuxis brZola mohyva. 1104 wels mefem ruisisa da urbnisis taZrebSi gamarTa saeklesio kreba, sadac sabolood dagKirgKinda da `iuridiulad gaformda~ saPelmwifosa da eklesias Soris TanamSromlobis `koncefcia~. saerTod daviT aRmaSeneblis dros eklesiasTan erTgvari `simfonia~ (qarTulad simfonia erTxmianobas, Tanxmobas niSnavs. saukuneebis manZilze aRmosavleTis qristianul qveynebSi ZiriTadad ew. cezaro-papizmis principi damkvidrda. am SemTxvevaSi eklesia emorGileboda saero xelisuflebas da erTmmarTvelebi ereodnen saeklesio saqmeebSi. cezaro-papizmis naTeli gamovlenaa bizantiis imperia (cezaro-papizms xandaxan bizantinizmis saxeliTac moixsenieben), sadac TiTqmis yoveli eresi warmoSobili Tu ara, mxardaWerili iyo bizantiis imperatorebis mier (aq sakmarisia gavixsenoT iseTi saxelebi, rogorebic iyvnen jer kidev konstancius keisari, herakle keisari, leon III da sxvani). saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi qristiani moRvaweebi da saxelmwifoTa Rrmad morwmune mesveurebi cdilobdnen gamoeZebnaT saxelmwifosa da eklesiis TanamSromlobis harmoniuli forma, roca eklesia da saselmwifo sruli TanxmobiT imoqmedebdnen. TanamSromlobis aseT formas simfonia ewoda. jer kidev iustiniane I-is dros iyo msgavsi mcdelobebi, magram srulyofili simfonia jer-jerobiT miuRwevel idead darGa) damyarda. es naTlad Gans im faqtidanac, rom amieridan saPelmwifos upirvelesi moPelis, mwignobarTuxucesis, saPelo (Tanamdeboba) Seerwya Wyondidis episkoposis saeklesio ierarqias, anu mwignobarTuxucesis saPelo daviT aRmaSeneblis Semdeg yovelTvis Wyondidel episkoposebs eWiraT. jer kidev 1060-ian wlebSi amxelda giorgi mTawmindeli bagrat IV-s, rom mefe arasworad ereoda saeklesio saqmeebSi da borotad iyenebda cezaro-papizmis principiT miniWebul episkoposTa dadginebis uflebas. da swored ruis-urbnisis krebam gaamkacra moTxovna episkoposad dasaniSn pirebze da srulyo maTi daniSvnis wesi. amave krebaze saPelmwifos mier aRiarebul iqna saeklesio kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo sistema faqtiurad eklesiis PelSi aRmoGnda.
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saSinao sakiTxebis mogvarebis Semdeg mefem muslimi dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg farTomasStabiani Seteva wamoiwyo da amasTanave TurqTa Semotevebis mogeriebac uxdeboda. 1117 wlisaTvis Tbilisis saamiro qarTvelTa rkalSi aRmoGnda. erTad-erTi gza, romelic saamiros islamur samyarosTan akavSirebda, TrialeTis mTagorian adgilebze gadioda da qarTvel marbielTa (diversantebis) ioli samizne gaxldaT. amave dros islamuri samyaro siriis meTaurobiT gamalebiT emzadeboda jvarosanTa ierusalimis samefos gasanadgureblad. aris cnoba, rom ierusalimis mefe bolduin II saidumlod stumrobda daviT aRmaSenebels. amis Semdeg daviT IV-m Gamoiyvana yivGaRTa ormoci aTasiani jari, TavianTi ojaxebiT daasaxla aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ganapira mxareebSi da am yivGaRTa jarTan erTad ilaSqra saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT, riTac muslimanebisaTvis cxadi Seiqna, rom axlo aRmosavleTSi qristianobis mTavari dasayrdeni saqarTvelos samefo gaxldaT da mis daumarcxeblad SeuZlebeli iqneboda didi ZalebiT ierusalimze galaSqreba da amasTanave gamosaxsneli iyo qarTvelTagan rkalSi myofi Tbilisis saamiroc.
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1121 wels zemoT xsenebuli il-Razis winamZRolobiT musliman mokavSireTa naxevar milionze meti mebrZolisgan Semdgari armia saqarTvelos sazRvrebs moadga swored im erTad-erTi Tavisufali gziT, romelic TrialeTis mTebSi gadioda. daviTis 56000 mebrZolisgan Semdgari jari didgoris midamoebSi daesxa Tavs mters da RvTis SewevniT sastikad daamarcxa. gadmocemiT qarTvelebs am brZolaSi TviT wminda giorgi xilulad exmareboda. didgoris brZolis Semdeg muslimanebis mier dakavebuli Tbilisisa da dmanisis aReba did siZneles ar warmoadgenda.
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Tbilisis saamiros damxobis Semdeg mefe TbilisSi GamoTeslil muslimanur mosaxleobas gulmowyaled moeqca, da ara Tu ar Semusra isini, aramed aq darGenisa da mSvidobiani cxovrebis pirobebic ki Seuqmna, xolo qarTvelebisTvis ki muslimanuri mosaxleobiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul adgilebSi aikrZala Roris dakvla. metic, mefe ufro Sors wavida da TbilisSi cxovrebisaTvis qarTvelebisTvis wliur gadasaxadad 5 dinari daawesa, somxebisa da ebraelebisaTvis 4 dinari, xolo muslimanebisaTvis ki 3 dinari, riTac daviT IV-m Peli Seuwyo TbilisSi araqarTuli mosaxleobis momravlebas. daviT aRmaSenebelma muslimanTa batonobisagan anisi da Sirvanic gaaTavisufla. daviTis samefoSi qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli yvela miwebi aRmoGnda, garda bizantiis mflobelobaSi arsebuli miwebisa.
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1125 wlisaTvis mefe daviTi savaraudod apirebda iranisa da sxva maxlobeli islamuri saPelmwifoebis dalaSqvras da maTSi ukve gaqristianebuli yivGaRebis Gasaxlebas, magram 1125 wlis iavarSi aResrula mefeTmefe saqarTveloYsa daviT aRmaSenebeli. daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweobis Sedegad saqarTvelos saPelmwifoebriobam Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles mwvervals miaRwia, qarTvel kacs Seunelda Tandayolili SiSi gadagvarebisa da mieca saSualeba kulturul-aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianobis Seuferxeblad warmoebisa. miuxedavad ganmaTavisuflebeli omebis warmoebis mTeli siZnelisa, daviT aRmaSenebeli did yuradRebas uTmobda saqarTvelos kulturuli ganviTarebis sakiTxsac: mis dros daarsada gelaTisa da iyalTos akademiebi, da aSenda mravali axali eklesia-monasteri. piradad daviT aRmaSenebelma dagvitova Tavisi himnad qceuli aRsareba `galobani sinanulisani~.
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daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidreebma SeZles saqarTvelos siZlieris SenarGuneba da misi gavlenis gavrceleba sakmaod did manZilze. saqarTvelo gansakuTrebiT daviTis SvilTaSvilis Tamaris dros gaZlierda. 1184 wels pirvelad istoriaSi saqarTvelos taxtze abrZanda qali mefe_Tamari.
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Tamaris mefoba aRiniSneboda saqarTvelos politikuri, kulturuli da ekonomikuri mxaris ganviTarebis umaRlesi doniT. aSenda mravali eklesia-monasteri, gayvanil iqna sarwyavi arxebi, dResac gancvifrebaSi movyavarT Tamaris dros agebul xidebs, romelTa gantvirTvisaTvis aSenebuli Tanamedrove xidebi sul panta-puntiT inTqmebian adidebul mdinareTa talRebSi. Tamaris dros iqna dawerili SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~, romelSic naTlad gamoikveTa qarTuli niWisa da qarTuli sityvis mTeli sidiade.
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Tamarma ganamtkica saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba: 1195 wels daamarcxa adardabaganis (azerbaijanis, igulisxmeba dRevandeli `iranis azerbaijani~) sultani abubaqri, romelic mas ymadnafic saPelmwifoebSi, kerZod ransa da SirvanSi pirvelobas ecileboda, riTac ganamtkica Tavisi Zala-ufleba aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi; 1202 wels, Tamaris jarma sastikad daamarcxa saqarTveloSi SemoWrili rumis sultnis meTaurobiT Sekrebili koaliciuri, 400 aTasi mebrZolisgan Semdgari jari, riTac saqarTvelos gza gaexsana mcire aziaSi Tavisi gavlenis gaZlierebisaTvis da 1204 wels, roca amis sababi miecaT, qarTvelebma laSqroba wamoiwyes konstantinopolisaken, raTa bizantiis taxtze aRedginaT komnenosTa dinastia da imperiaze Tavisi gavlena daemyarebinaT; magram konstantinopolis aReba maT jvarosnebma moaswres. qarTvelebma ki SavizRvispireTis samxreT sanapiroze trapizonis imperia daarses komnenosTa dinastiiT saTaveSi. 1210 wels qarTvelebma moawyves marbieli laSqroba GrdiloeT iranSi da avRaneTis sazRvrebamde miaRwies. qarTvelTa pirveloba mTels axlo aRmosavleTSi TvalsaGino gaxldaT.
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periodi daviT IV aRmaSeneblis zeobidan Tamar mefis gardacvalebamde saqarTvelos istoriaSi `oqros xanad~ iTveleba. swored am xanaSi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qarTvel kacs Seunelda Tandayolili SiSi gadagvarebisa da gaTavisuflda ra Tavis qmedebaSi sagareo faqtorebis pirdapiri gavlenisagan (diqtatisagan), srulad SeZlo Tavisi bunebis gamovlena. swored am periodSi Seiqmna qarTuli kulturis mniSvnelovani Zeglebi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia qarTvelTa miRwevebi himnografiasa da poeziaSi. himnografiis Zeglebidan aRsaniSnavia daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidris, demetre I-is (damianes), RvTismSoblisadmi miZRvnili ukvdavi himni `Sen xar venaPi~ da TviT daviT aRmaSeneblis aRsareba `galobani sinanulisani~. saerTod, qarTuli himnografia ganviTarda VIII-IX saukuneebidan. X-XI saukuneebSi moRvaweobdnen gamoGenili himnografebi ioane minGxi, miqael modrekili, borena dedofali da bevri sxva, romelTagan yvelaze gamorGeuli gaxldaT ioane zosime, romelmac dagvitova cnobili himni `qebaY da didebaY qarTulisa enisaY~. aRniSnul himnSi naTlad gamokveTilia qarTuli enisa da Sesabamisad qarTveli eris gansakuTrebulobis idea:
`damarxul ars enaY qarTuli dRemdis meored mosvlisa misisa sawamebelad,
raYTa yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa~
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swored qarTuli himnografiidan ganviTarda qarTuli poezia, rasac Peli Seuwyo qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebam da saqarTveloSi umaRlesi donis saganmanaTleblo centrebis (akademiebis) daarsebam (gadmocemiT, swored iyalTos akademiaSi miuRia ganaTleba SoTa rusTavels). Tu himnografebi RmerTs pirdapir aRuvlendnen didebas, XII saukunis poetebi adidebdnen RvTiur Zalas, RvTiuri Semoqmedebis nayofs da xotbas asxamdnen qristianuli ideologiis matarebel samefo Pelisuflebas. rogorc SoTa rusTaveli werda:
`romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa miT ZlieriTa;
zegardmo arsni suliTa hyvna zeciT monaberiTa;
Gven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa;
misgan ars yovli Pelmwife saxiTa mis mieriTa~.
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amave periodSi mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda qarTuli politikuri azrovneba da miRweul iqna ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maRali done. aRsaniSnavia, rom ukve XI saukunis saqarTveloSi gaGnda idea, evropis dasavleT sanapiroze mcxovreb Gvens monaTesave dasavlel iberebTan kontaqtis damyarebisa, rasac mowmobs ioane aTonelis survili iq gamgzavrebisa, raTa `qarTvelni dasavleTisani~ moenaxulebina. amave periodSi moRvawe leonti mrovelis istoriul SromaSi `mefeTa cxovreba~, naTlad ikveTeba erTiani kavkasiis idea, rac faqtiurad ganxorcielebuli iqna daviTisa da Tamaris dros.
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saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganviTarebaze naTlad mowmobs is cnobac, rom qarTvelTa mier daarsebuli trapizonis imperiis Semosavali utoldeboda erT-erTi uZlieresi evropeli erTmmarTvelis (monarqis) inglisis mefis Semosavals da SegviZlia warmovidginoT, Tu ra Semosavlebis patroni iyo Tavad saqarTvelos mefe, romelsac marto ymadnafici qveynebidan kolosaluri raodenobis xarki Semosdioda. am droYs saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovnad dawinaurda soflis meurneoba da mrewveloba. savaraudoT, iyalTos akademiaSi sxva sagnebTan erTad iswavleboda meRvineobac. ganviTarda agreTve Pelosnoba, sasoflo-sameurneo da sabrZolo iaraRebis warmoeba.
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vaWroba am xanis saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad ucxoelTa PelSi moeqca. vaWrobis mimarT qarTvelTa agdebuli damokidebuleba naTlad gamoikveTa TviT `vefxistyaosanSic~. vaWrobaSi ucxoelTa batonobas Peli Seuwyo daviT aRmaSeneblis politikamac, roca man qalaqSi cxovrebisaTvis qarTvelebs ucxoelebze meti gadasaxadi dauwesa, da im faqtmac, rom Wanebis qarTuli tomi, romelic vaWrobaSi friad gawafuli iyo saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT aRmoGnda.
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ase, rom XII saukunis saqarTveloSi baton-ymurma urTierTobam Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles wertils miaRwia da logikuri iqneboda misi gadasvla kapitalisturi urTierTobis formaze, rogorc es evropaSi moxda. kapitalisturi urTierTobis ganviTarebisaTvis ki aucilebeli iyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZliereba, xolo moqalaqeTa zedafenas ki swored mdidari vaWrebi, anu sovdagrebi Seadgendnen, romlebic ZiriTadad araqarTuli warmoSobis adamianebi gaxldnen, romelTa gavlenis gaZliereba qarTvelTaTvis mTlad advili asatani ar unda yofiliyo. miuxedavad araqarTuli warmoSobisa, moqalaqeTa zedafenam udidesi gavlena moipova saqarTvelos samefo karze. es naTlad gamoGnda saqarTvelos meWurWleTuxecesis yuTlu arslanis Tamaris winaaRmdeg gamosvlisas, roca yuTlus eyo Tavxedoba saqarTvelos mefisaTvis saparlamento dawesebulebis _ `karavis~ gaxsna moeTxova, rac Tamaris mier iqna aRkveTili da meWurWleTuxucesis saPelo qarTvelma didebulma SoTam (savaraudoT SoTa rusTavelma) daikava.
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rogorc zemoT aRniSnulidanac sGans, araqarTuli warmoSobis moPeleebma da didebulebma sakmarisze meti gavlena moipoves saqarTvelos samefo karze. amis naTeli dadasturebaa Tamaris mamis, giorgi III-is dros erT-erTi yvelaze sapasuxismgeblo saPelos _ amirspasalaris Tanamdebobis nayivGaRari yubasaris mier dakaveba da Tamaris dros mxargrZelTa sagvareulos arnaxuli gaZliereba. mxargrZelebi qurTuli warmoSobis gasomxebuli didebulebi iyvnen, romlebic saqarTvelos somxebiT dasaxlebul mxareebs marTavdnen. zaqaria mxargrZelma amirspasalaris saPelos mopoveba SeZlo, riTac Tavis samflobelos amispasalarebis kuTvnili lores cixe misi mimdebare miwebiTurT SeuerTa da riTac mxargrZelTa samanebi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, xolo misma Zmam iovanem mefes manamde gaugonari nabiji gadaadgmevina. kerZod, Seaqmnevina aTabagis saPelo da TviTon daikava igi.
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aTabagis (aTa Turqulad mamas niSnavs, begi ki batons, Tavads) Tanamdeboba manamde arsebobda seljuki sultnebis karze, sadac aTabagebs taxtis memkvidris aRzrda evalebodaT, xolo saqarTveloSi aTabagebma faqtiurad pirveli veziris (premier ministris) Sesabamisi Zala-ufleba moipoves, riTac mniSvnelovnad dasustda mwignobarTuxucesis saPelo. momavalSi swored aTabagebis mniSvnelovnad gaZlierebam Seuwyo Peli saqarTvelos erTianobis darRvevas.
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aRniSnul xanaSi mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda agreTve arqiteqtura, xatwera da Weduri Pelovneba. dResac gancvifrebaSi mohyavs mnaxveli varZiis samonastro kompleqsis nangrevebs (dReYsaTvis varZiis samonastro kompleqsi mxolod nawilobrivaa SemorGenili), `yinwvisis angelozis~ freskasa, Tu beqa da beSqen opizarebis naPelavs.
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amrigad, aRniSnuli xana saqarTvelosaTvis da qarTveli erisaTvis sakuTari xasiaTisa da SemoqmedebiTi unaris warmoGenisaTvis saukuTeso dro gaxldaT. amitomacaa, rom saukuneTa Semdegac ki XII saukune qarTveli eris cnobierebaSi rGeba misbaZ magaliTad da miznad, romlis miRwevisaken miiswrafvis dRevandeli qarTveloba, rasac naTlad vxedavT ilia WavWavaZis gulidan wamosul striqonebSi:
`Gemo kargo qveyanav, razed mogiwyenia?
awmyo Tu ara gwyalobs, momavali Senia;
Tumca Zvelni dagvSordnen, axali xom Senia;
maT axalT aRgidginon Sen didebis dRenia.~
“მაშველი არ გჭირდებოდაო, შავლეგო!”
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savaraudoT 1213 wels saqarTvelos taxtze avida giorgi IV. mematianeebi mas warmosadeg vaJkacad da gambedav raindad axasiaTeben. gamefebisTanave mefes ymadnafic saPelmwifoebSi Tavisi pirvelobis damtkiceba mouxda, rasac warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi. metic, saqarTvelos jarma ramdenime qalaqi daikava da samxreTi mezoblebic gvarianad moarbia. Tumca, yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis miuxedavad, swored giorgi IV-s saxels ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos istoriaSi `oqros xanis~ dasasruli.
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giorgi IV dedam sicocxleSive daisva Tanamosydred, magram roca Tamar mefe gardaicvala, giorgi jer kidev dauojaxebeli avida taxtze. mefe, Tanamedrove gagebiT, `Tavisufali~ azrovnebiT gamoirGeoda. es naTlad gamoikveTa misi sarwmunoebrivi umtkicobiTa da pirad vnebebze monuri morGilebiT. swored sarwmunoebriv umtkicobaSi SegviZlia veZeboT misi erT-erTi muslimanuri religiuri seqtiT, kerZod rindebiT seriozuli dainteresebis safuZveli. vnebebze monuri morGilebis magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT is, rom kaxeTSi mogzaurobis dros mefes Seuyvarda erTi veliscixeli aznauris coli, romelic waarTva ra qmars, araoficialur colad daisva da misgan memkvidrec ki SeeZina, Tumca didi xnis uSedego Segonebebis Semdeg eklesiam da kariskacebma es qali waarTves mefes da qmars daubrunes. giorgi IV-is pirad vnebebze damokidebulebis naTeli magaliTia misi uzomod smis moyvarulobac, rac mefis sikvdilis mizezic gaxda. Sirvan-SahTan Tavisi dis rusudanis niSnobis dros mefe ramdenime dRe gadabmulad svamda, ris Semdegac mas gaumizezda monRolebTan brZolaSi miRebuli Wriloba, rasac Rvinisgan dauZlurebulma sxeulma veRar gauZlo da 1222 wels giorgi IV gardaicvala da taxti misma dam rusudanma daikava.
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rusudans mefoba mZime viTarebaSi mouwia, risTvisac mefe arc gamWriaxobiT da arc moraluri simtkiciT mzad ar aRmoGnda. jer kidev giorgi IV-s dros, 1220 wels saqarTveloSi SemoiWra monRolTa mowinave razmebi jebe noinisa da subudaY bahaTuris winamZRolobiT.
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monRoli tomebi udabno gobs, alTaYs mTianeTsa da baYkalis tbas Soris mdebare teritoriaze momTabareobdnen da GineTisgan iyvnen Seviwrovebulni. 1206 wels monRolebi gaaerTiana Gingiz yaenma da Tavadve Seutia da daamarcxa GineTis imperia, romelic sabolood dapyrobil iqna misi SviliSvilis xubilaYs dros. 1218 wels Gingiz yaenma daipyro centraluri aziis udidesi saPelmwifo xvarazmi, romlis ufliswuli jalal-ed-dini monRolTa winaaRmdeg partizanuli omis gzas daadga. swored amis Semdeg gamogzavna Gingiz yaenma marbieli jari axlo aRmosavleTisa da kavkasiis dasazverad. swored am jarTan sabrZolvelad gaemarTa giorgi IV. monRolebma TavianTi Gveuli taqtika gamoiyenes, anu mewinaveTa moGvenebiTi otebis (gaqcevis) Semdeg dadevnebul, wyobadarRveul qarTvelebs uknidan monRolTa rezervi daesxa Tavs da Seupovari brZolisa Tu ricxvobivi upiratesobis miuxedavad, qarTvelebma ver SeZles monRolTa damarcxeba. am brZolaSi gadamwyveti aRmoGnda monRolTa mier giorgi IV-is isriT daWra, ris Semdegac qarTvelebi brZolis vels gaecalnen.
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rusudanma gamefebis Semdeg niSnoba daarRvia da qmrad viTom (formalurad) gaqristianebuli arzrumis amiras Svili moRis-ed-dini moiyvana, romlisganac mas memkvidre gauGnda da saqarTveloSi faqtiurad ori taxtis memkvidre gaGnda. rusudani Seecada moeSorebina giorgi IV-s Ze Tavisi siZis rumis sultnis PeliT, magram ufliswuli saswaulebrivad gadarGa.
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1125 wels saqarTvelos sazRvrebs moadga monRolTagan devnili xvarazmis ufliswuli jalal-ed-dini 140 aTasiani jariT da garnisTan brZolaSi, sardlis _ ioane mxargrZelis uunaro, Tu moRalaturi moqmedebis gamo, SeZlo qarTuli jaris damarcxeba. am brZolaSi mters marto mewinave jari, 4 aTasi mebrZoli Salva da ioane axalcixelebis sardlobiT medgrad dauxvda da daxmarebis miuReblobis gamo bolomde Seakvda. muslimanebma SeZles xmalgatexili da daWrili Salva axalcixelis Sepyroba. erT-erTi versiiT, mxargrZelebi axalcixelebs imis gamo daupirispirdnen, rom mefem qalaqi kari (yarsi), romelzec mxargrZelebs hqondaT pretenzia, axalcixelebs gadasca. savaraudod, mxargrZelebs agreTve SurdaT is, rom miuxedavad maTi samefo karze miRweuli warmatebisa, upirveles mebrZolad da sardlad saqarTveloSi mainc Salva axalcixels miiGnevdnen da swored garnisTan daamtkica mxargZelma, rom SesaZlebeli yofila Salva axalcixelis damarcxeba 35-jer meti jariT. Salva axalcixelis vaJkacobiT moxiblulma jalal-ed-dinma ganizraxa misi gaTaTreba da Tavis sardlad gadaqceva, magram mas Semdeg, rac ufliswulma Seityo is, rom Salva axalcixeli qarTvelebs misTvis cnobil jalal-ed-dinis gegmebs awvdida, qarTveli sardlisTvis Tavis mokvaTa brZana. ase, RalatiT, udidesi safrTxis winaSe mdgari saqarTvelo Tavisi pirveli raindis gareSe darGa.
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garnisTan miRweuli warmatebis Semdeg jalal-ed-dini Tbilisisken daiZra. qarTulma garnizonma boco da memna jayelebis winamZRolobiT, Seteva moigeria, magram daviT aRmaSeneblisa da sxva mefeTagan Sewyalebuli Tbiliseli muslimanebi gaurigdnen xvarazmelebs da wasasvlelad gamzadebuli jalal-ed-dini kvlav ukan moabrunes. maT muxanaTurad mokles memna jayeli da qalaqis karebi mters gauRes. asi aTasi qarTveli awames TbilisSi Semosulma xvarazmelebma.
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monRolTa moaxlovebis Semdeg jalal-ed-dinis jari daiSala, xolo dedofali rusudani dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadmovida (gadavida) da qveynis didi nawili calkeuli erisTavebis amara datova, romelTagan mters mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegoba mxolod jayelebma gauwies. miuxedavad zemoT Tqmulisa, monRolebs aRmosavleT da samxreTi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi nawilis dasapyrobad 7 weli dasWirdaT. qveynis Semdgomi gapartaxebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, mefe rusudani monRolTa moxarke da ymadnafici gaxda.
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rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, rusudanis sikvdilis Semdeg saqarTveloSi ori taxtis memkvidre darGa. monRolebma jer mefoba saerTod gaauqmes da saqarTvelo adgilobriv didebulebs daunawiles, Semdeg orive mefe erTdroulad daamtkices samefo taxtze. mefe daviT VII rusudanis Zem monRolTa batonobisagan dasavleT saqarTvelo gaaTavisufla da iq gamefda, xolo daviT VI giorgis Zem ver moaxerxa monRolTa damarcxeba da saqarTvelos udidesi nawili kvlav monRolTa PelSi darGa.
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daviT VI sarwmunoebaSi mamamiss giorgi IV-s metad daemgvana. monRolebma saqarTvelos saeklesio miwebi begarisgan gaaTavisufles, xolo gausaZlisi xarkisa da begaris gamo mefes qoneba mniSvnelovnad Seumcirda da eklesias arTmevda miwas Tavis moPeleebze Tu aznaurebze gadasacemad maSin, roca rac SeiZleba meti miwa unda mieca eklesiisTvis, raTa qveynidan naklebi xarki gasuliyo.
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monRolTa batonobas daerTo zemoT xsenebuli alanebis STamomavlebis, ovsebis gamanadgurebeli Semosevebi, romlebic monRolTa kurTxeviT warmatebiT iTvisebdnen qarTul miwebs. maT moaxerxes saqarTvelos gulis, anu Sida qarTlis udidesi nawilis dapyroba qalaq goriTurT. monRolebma calke sammarTvelo erTeulad gamoyves da jayelebs dauqvemdebares samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo. amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia monRolebis mier iseTi virusebisa da baqteriebis Semotana saqarTveloSi, ris winaaRmdegac qarTvelebs imuniteti ar gaaGndaT da masiurad ixocebodnen axali daavadebebisagan. faqtiurad aRaraferi darGa saqarTvelos odindeli Zlierebidan.
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saqarTvelos samefos dakninebis mizezad XIV saukunis istorikosi, romelic cnobilia `JamTaaRmwerlis~ saxeliT, sruliad samarTlianad Tvlida samfo karze codvis momravlebas. Tumca, ismis kiTxva: mainc ra gaxada am codvis momravlebis mizezi?
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rogorc cnobilia, borotebas arsi ara aqvs, is sikeTis naklebobaa (sainteresoa, rom sityva boroti somxuri warmoSobisaa, qarTulSi Zvelad amave mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda sityva ukeTuri), xolo demoni budobs iq, sadac sicarielea. savaraudebelia, rom icoda ra daviT aRmaSenebelma Tavisi saPelmwifos arasrulyofileba, Segnebulad dauSva saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi egreT wodebuli mexuTe kolonis (termini mexuTe kolona 1936-1939 wlebis espaneTis samoqalaqo omis dros gaGnda, rodesac erTi nacionalistTa armia qalaq madrids 4 koloniT utevda. generalma molam, romelic qalaqs GrdiloeTidan utevda, ganacxada, rom am qalaqisaTvis brZolaSi imedi hqonda kidev me-5 kolonis da mexuTe kolonad madrideli nacionalistebi daasaxela. es sityva amis Semdeg Sens miwaze mowinaaRmdegis, an potenciuri mowinaaRmdegis momxre Zalis aRmniSvnelad gamoiyeneba) arseboba mravalricxvovani araqarTuli da araqristianuli mosaxleobis saxiT. saqarTvelos swori gziT svlis pirobebSi, unda Seqmniliyo viTareba, roca vercerT mowinaaRmdeges Tbilisamde ver unda mieRwia, xolo Tu saqarTvelo kedlebis ZaliT gaZlierdeboda, mas yvela imperiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ganviTareba da SemdgomSi gardauvali kraxi eloda.
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mizezebi, riTac SesaZlebeli gaxda zemoT aRniSnuli moraluri sisuste da codvaTa momravleba saqarTvelos samefo karze, gamowveuli iyo im mdgomareobiT, rom XII saukuneSi saqarTvelom miaRwia imas, rom SeZlo Tavis winaSe dasmuli TiTqmis yvela amocanis Sesruleba, xolo maSindel msoflioSi arsebuli kavSirgabmulobis sistemebis da materilur-teqnikuri resursebis, agreTve mimosvlis (satransporto) saSualebaTa ganviTarebis dabali donis gamo ver moxerxda msoflio politikaSi saqarTvelos adgilis Pelaxali gadaazreba, ramac saPelmwifo miiyvana garkveul politikur-ideologiur uZraobamde (stagnaciamde). qarTul sazogadoebaSi axali ideologiis ararsebobiT gamowveuli deficiti aRmosavluri esTetikiT tkbobisaken da sakuTari Zlierebis rwmeniT TviTdamSvidebisaken miswrafebam Seavso. amis naTeli magaliTia SoTa rusTavelis `vefxvistyaosanSi~ naGvenebi brwinvale qarTuliT gadmocemuli aRmosavluri esTetikis nimuSebi. am aRmosavleTiT gamowveulma interesma ganapiroba Semwynarebluri damokidebuleba ara mxolod islamis mimdevrebis mimarT, aramed TviT calkeuli islamuri filosofiis mimarTac. folosofiisa, romelSic marTmadidebluri dogmebi umaRles WeSmaritebad ar miiReboda, anu azrovnebaSi Gndeboda garkveuli RvTiuri sawyisebisgan daclili sivrceebi, romlebsac advilad epatronebodnen demonebi. sakuTar ZalebSi zedmeti darwmunebis naTeli magaliTia jalal-ed-dinisa da monRolebis winaaRmdeg brZolis susti organizacia da mexuTe kolonis mimarT gamoGenili uyuradReboba.
“ქართლის ჭირსა ვერვინ მოსთვლის”
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monRolTa Semosevis Semdeg qarTuli saPelmwifoebrioba veRar ganviTarda. marTalia, XIV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi giorgi V brwyinvalem SeZlo saqarTvelos gaerTianeba, misi monRolTagan ganTavisufleba da gaanadgura saqarTveloSi GamoTeslili ovsebi, manve bolo mouRo mxargZelTa parpaSs, roca mxargZelebs zogierT Tavgasul didebulebTan erTad kaxeTSi, civis mTasTan mowveul darbazobaze Tavebi daayrevina da amasTanave mis samefoSi WaneTic moeqca, magram miuxedavad zemoTGamoTvlili miRwevebisa, saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani gaZliereba ar momxdara, anu, ubralod, zemoaRniSnuli mohyva monRolTa dasustebas.
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XIV-XV saukuneebis mijnaze saqarTvelos Tavs gaTurqebuli monRolis Temur-lengis ramdenime aseul aTasiani urdoebi ramdenjerme daesxnen, fizikurad moaoxres da gaapartaxes Gveni qveyana, ris Semdegac saqarTvelom erTianoba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi veRar SeinarGuna. gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos ukanasknel mefes giorgi VIII-s aTabagi yKaryKare jayeli da quTaisis erisTavi, bagrati aujanydnen, romelTac mxars TeTbatknianTa Turquli saPelmwifos meTauri uzun-hasani uWerda. maT miemxro agreTve guriis mTavari kaxaberi, romelsac yKaryKare aTabagma aWara da WaneTi gadasca. giorgi VIII-m mxolod kaxeTi SeinarGuna.
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daSlil-daqucmacebulma saqarTvelom ver gauZlo zemoTxsenebul osmalTa imperiis da sefianuri iranis Semotevebs, romelTac mxars gamuslimanebuli lekebi da xunZebi, anu daRestnelebi uWerdnen da Sedegad miviReT kidev ufro gapartaxebuli qveyana, dakarguli miwebi (daikarga mTeli samcxe-saaTabago da bevri sxva miwa) da sultnebisa Tu Sahebis ymadnafici Gveni mefe-mTavrebi. sainteresoa, rom imereTis mefes miakuTvnebdnen aseT tituls: `mona RvTisa da yma xonTqrisa~, anu yma osmalTa sultnisa, rac srulad warmogviGenda maSindeli qarTuli saPelmwifoebriobis sacodav mdgomareobas. amas daerTo saqarTveloSi elis, anu dampyrobTa interesebis ganmaxocielebeli araqarTuli mosaxleobis (igive kolonizatorTa), masobrivi Gamosaxleba (anu midioda saqarTvelos kolonizacia). maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo qvemo qarTlSi sparseTis Sahis abas I-is mier borGalus Turquli tomis Gamosaxleba (romlis Sedegs dResac vimkiT) da abas II-is mier kaxeTSi TurqmanTa masobrivi Gamosaxleba kaxeTis gaTaTrebis mizniT, magram 1659 wels ajanyebulma kaxelebma qsnisa da aragvis erisTavebisa da mTielTa daxmarebiT gaanadgures ra sparsuli jarebi, 2 kviraSi 15 aTasi GamoTeslili Turqmenuli ojaxi Semusres. amis gamo Sahma wamebiT mouRo bolo ajanyebis meTaurT _ wmindanebs biZina GoloyaSvils, Salva da elizbar qsnis erisTavebs (maT xom `masonuri~ gagebiT `kacobriobis winaaRmdeg danaSauli~ hqondaT Gadenili). gadmocemiT, am brZolaSic xilulad exmarebodao qarTvelebs wminda giorgi.
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miuxedavad saqarTvelos saPelmwifos daqucmacebisa, qarTveli eri mainc medgrad ebrZoda mowinaaRmdegeebs, magram es ukve iyo brZola arsebobisaTvis. swored am did brZolaSi gamoiwrTo qarTuli meomruli suli, roca yanaSi glexi sabrZolvelad aRWurvili midioda, rameTu ar icoda rodis, sad da saYdan daesxmeboda mteri.
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osmaleTisa da sparseTis imperiebis dasustebis kvaldakval gaZlierdnen qarTuli saPelmwifoebi daiwyo saqarTvelos gaerTianebis procesic. XVIII saukuneSi Seiqmna Zlieri qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebi. saqarTvelosTvis gardamtexi aRmoGnda xresilis brZola, ris Semdegac osmaleTis imperiam saqarTvelos srul damorGilebaze Peli aiRo. qarTl-kaxeTis mefem erekle II-m SeZlo iranisgan misi samefos gaTavisufleba da daRestnelTa parpaSis aRkveTa. metic, 1770 wels erekle II-m samcxeSi ilaSqra da aspinZasTan Zlevamosili gamarjveba moipova axalcixis faSas jarebze. faqtiurad daiwyo dapyrobili miwebis gaTavisuflebis procesi.
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zemoT Tqmulis miuxedavad, qarTuli saPelmwifoebis miswrafeba X saukunis ideologias mainc ver gascda da qarTvelTa kontr-Seteva mainc Tamaris droindeli saqarTvelos aRdgenisaken iyo mimarTuli. am droYndeli qarTuli saPelmwifoebriobis sisusteze naTlad metyvelebs is faqti, rom 1790 wels erekle II-m uari Tqva imereli didebulebis Txovnaze, umefod darGenili da samoqalaqo omSi gaxveuli imereTis samefos SemoerTebis Sesaxeb da arc mainc da mainc erekle II aqcevda did yuradRebas Tavis zurgSi arsebul mexuTe kolonis gauvnebelyofas (erekle II udidesi sardali iyo, romelmac gadaxdili asze meti brZolidan mxolod ori waago da orive mowinaaRmdegis mexuTe kolonis meSveobiT).
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msoflio masStabiT ki viTareba ukve Zalian Seicvala. saqarTvelos mouaxlovda ruseTis msoflio imperia, romelic kavkasiidan osmaleTis gandevnas cdilobda da saqarTvelo mis bunebriv mokavSiredac SeiZleboda qceuliyo, magram qarTuli saPelmwifoebis sisustis gamo, rusebma SeZles maTi cal-calke dapyroba da ganadgureba. maSin, roca qarTvelebs ruseTis mokavSireobis imedi hqondaT, am cxvris tyavianma mglebma SeZles motyuebiT saqarTveloSi SemoRweva, daarRvies yvela samokavSireo SeTanxmeba da ase veragulad gaavrceles TavianTi Pelisufleba mTels saqarTveloze. ufro sworad, saqarTvelos im nawilze, romelic sxva dampyrobTagan Tavisufali iyo. Tavis istoriaSi pirvelad mTeli saqarTvelo ucxo saPelmwifoebis mier mTlianad aRmoGnda dapyrobili.
“ჩვენ უნდა ვსდიოთ ახლა სხვა ვარსკვლავს“
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saqarTvelos rusTa mier dapyrobis Semdeg dakninebul iqna bagrationTa samefo saxli da gauqmebul iqna qarTuli eklesiebis TviTmmarTveloba, rasac mravali sisxliani ajanyeba mohyva da ramac daarwmuna ruseTis Pelisufleba, rom saqarTvelos mimarT ufro frTxili politika unda ganaxorcielebina. aRniSnuli politikis naTel gamoxatulebad iqca kavkasiis mefisnacvlis graf voroncovis moRvaweoba, rodesac man mravali `kulturul-saganmanaTeblo~ centri Gamoayaliba da Peli Seuwyo qarTveli didebulebis dawinaurebas imperiis samsaxurSi.
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qarTveli moRvaweebisTvis naTeli Seiqmna, rom sakuTari arsebobisTvis Zveli meTodebiTa da Zveli ideologiiT brZola ukve SeuZlebeli iyo. pirveli moRvawe, romelic Seecada axali erovnuli ideologiis Seqmnas, wmida ilia marTali gaxldaT. wmida ilia cdilobda maSindeli ekonomikurad da teqnikurad maRal ganviTarebuli evropuli saPelmwifoebis marTvis sistemebis qarTul erovnul faseulobebze morgebas. aRniSnul faseulobebad ki igi Tvlida winaprebisgan danatovar sam saunjes: mamuls, enas da sarwmunoebas. swored am PelSeuxebel faseulobebze da evropul-demokratiul sistemaze iyo damyarebuli wmida ilia marTlis saPelmwifoebrivi ideologia romelsac SegviZlia `erovnul-demokratiuli ideologia~ vuwodoT.
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wmida ilia marTali axleburad moiazrebda saqarTvelos adgils msoflio politikur sivrceSi. is naTlad xedavda, rom `marTlmadidebluri politika~ ruseTis imperiis mxridan mxolod propagandistul miznebs emsaxureboda da saqarTvelos mier am xrikze wamogeba dauSvebeli iyo. mas saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso miznad kavkasiis gaTavisuflebisaTvis brZola esaxeboda:
`xalxi azvirTda, xalxi aRsdga, xalxi moqmedobs,
kaspiis zRvidam Sav zRvamdina erT fiqrsa hfiqrobs
da es fiqria srul kavkasis Tavisufleba.~
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erovnul-demokratiuli ideologiis kvaldakval saqarTveloSi gavrcelda social-demokratiuli ideologia. aRniSnuli ideologia eyrdnoboda ebraeli moazrovnis karl marqsis Sromebs, romelic msoflio mowyobis socialur Tanasworobaze damyarebul internacionalur gzas gvTavazobda, anu es iyo `masonuri~, uRmerTo (aTeisturi), adamianuri msoflio wesrigis erT-erTi modeli. social-demokratiuli mimarTulebis meTauri saqarTveloSi noe Jordania gaxldaT. qarTvel social-demokratTa ideologia ar SegviZlia SevafasoT rogorc saPelmwifoebrivi, radgan maTi umravlesoba winaaRmdegi iyo qarTuli saPelmwifos Seqmnisa da mTavar mowinaaRmdeged qarTul politikur sivrceSi erovnul-demokratiul ideologias saxavdnen.
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qveynis garedan mxardaWerisa da aqtiuri moqmedebis gamo (social-demokratebs ar sWirdebodaT Teoriuli muSaoba, maT ukve gamzadebuli hqondaT marqsis Sromebi da amitomac pirdapir praqtikul saqmianobaze gadavidnen), socialisturi ideologia swrafad gavrcelda saqarTveloSi, rasac Pels ruseTis imperiis politikac uwyobda. aRniSnulis dasamowmeblad SegviZlia ramdenime argumenti moviyvanoT:
saqarTvelos eklesiebis avtokefaliis gauqmebiT ruseTma daasusta marTmadidebluri sarwmunoeba saqarTveloSi. marTalia, qarTuli eklesia mrevls qarTuladve emsaxureboda, magram iyo ra rusi egzarxosis mmarTvelobis qveS, miuxedavad Rirseuli mRvdelTmTavrebis moRvaweobisa (gabriel episkoposi), ver axerxebda aqtiur muSaobas mecnieruli progresis Sedegad miRweuli Sedegebis religiuri TvalsazrisiT axsnis kuTxiT, rac did gasaqans aZlevda aTeizms saqarTveloSi (noe Jordanias rwmena maSin Seerya, roca gaigo elvis warmoSobis buneba, manamde is wmida giorgis namoqmedari egona);
zemoTxsenebuli mefisnacvalis, voroncovis moRvaweobis Sedegad saqarTveloSi Semovida ruseTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli baton-ymuri urTierTobebi, rasac zogierTi Tavad-aznauri ahyva, ramac dabada ymasa da batons Soris ukmayofilo damokidebuleba (1857 wlis samegrelos ajanyeba);
ruseTis politikis gamo qarTuli Tavad-aznauroba ufunqciod darGa da Rreobebs gadahyva, rac maT Zlierebas da gavlenas didad asustebda da sazogadoebis ukmayofilebas iwvevda;
baton-ymobis gauqmebis Semdeg qarTveli glexi rusuli gaxrwnili sasamarTlo sistemis qveS moeqca, ramac gamoiwvia calkeuli jgufebis mxridan tyeSi gavardna da mTavrobisaTvis SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis gaweva (guruli firalebi), aRniSnul sazogadoebaSi socialuri Tanasworobis ideologiam didi gavrceleba hpova.
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social-demokratebi revoluciebisa da teroris gzas daadgnen. 1907 wels maT veragulad mohkles wmida ilia marTali.
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1904-05 wlebSi iaponiis jarma marSal oiamas PelmZRvanelobiT sastikad daamarcxa ruseTis imperia manjuriaSi da cuSimas koncxTan. aRniSnuli marcxi ruseTis imperiisTvis politikuri TvalsazrisiT Zalian mZime aRmoGnda. mTeli imperiis masStabiT daiwyo areulobebi, ramac mniSvnelovnad Searyia imperator nikoloz II-s Pelisufleba. 1905 wels ozurgeTis mazraSi firalebis mier droebiT daemxo mefis Pelisufleba da pirvelad moxerxda yuTlu arslanis dros wamoyenebuli respublikuri wyobis damyareba prezidentiT (benia GxikviSvili) saTaveSi. radganac aRniSnulma respublikam didxans ver iarseba, ver moxerxda srulfasovani demokratiis Gamoyalibeba.
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1914 wels ruseTis imperia GaerTo momqancvel I msoflio omSi, ramac misi sruli kraxi gamoiwvia. gamarjvebulma germaniam qarTvel social-demokratebs, romelic saqarTveloSi wamyvani politikuri Zala iyo da rusebis wasvlis Semdeg moaxerxes Pelisuflebis PelSi Gagdeba, wamouyena ultimatumi: an damoukidebloba, an germaniis mokavSire TurqeTis qveSevrdomoba. da rogorc iqna, social-demokratebma damoukidebloba airGies.
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naxevrad samgloviaro sityvasaviT gamoiyureba 1918 wlis 26 maisis saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti, romelic saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis mizezad ruseTSi Seqmnil qaoss da rusuli armiis mier kavkasiis mitovebas asaxelebs. miuxedavad amisa, qarTveli xalxis udidesi nawilisaTvis es dRe namdvil zeimad iqca. moeqcnen ra saPelmwifos saTaveSi, damoukideblobaze azri TviT social-demokratebmac ki Seicvales.
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saqarTvelos damoukidebelma respublikam 1921 wlis Tebervlamde iarseba. mTavroba saqarTveloSi socializmis damkvidrebas ufro cdilobda, vidre qveynis gaZlierebas da mis realur marTvas. miuxedavad amisa saqarTvelom ramdenime mniSvnelovani samxedro gamarjveba moipova da kulturuli ganviTarebis doniTac amaRlda. aRsaniSnavia somxeTis (1918 wels), samxreT-dasavleTi kavkasiis (1919 wels), ruseTis (1918-1920 wlebSi) jarebze mopovebuli gamarjvebebi da afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlSi mowyobili ajanyebebis Gaqroba, agreTve komunistebis mier mowyobili provokaciebis aRkveTa. aRsaniSnavia Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mier gaweuli muSaoba noe ramiSvilis PelmZRvanelobiT, roca man moaxerxa faqtiurad mTeli bolSevikuri iatakqveSeTis ganadgureba da sakuTari iniciativiT, saqarTvelos istoriaSi pirvelad, 1918 wlis saqarTvelo-somxeTis omis dros aRkveTa somexTa mexuTe kolonis moRvaweoba TbilisSi. saqarTvelom agreTve SeZlo Sida qarTlSi GamoTeslili osebis gandevna da afxazeTSi SemoWrili wiTeli armiis damarcxebis Semdeg soWisa da tuafses dakaveba. saqarTveloSi daarsda udidesi saganmanaTleblo centri Tbilisis universiteti, romlis daarsebasac win uswrebda dimitri yifianisa da wmida ilia marTalis mier daarsebuli `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba, ris Sedegadac saqarTveloSi saerTo ganaTlebis done mniSvnelovnad amaRlda.
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amave droYis meore mniSvnelovani movlena gaxldaT 1917 wels, mefis damxobis Semdeg, qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena da saqarTvelos erT sapatriarqod gaerTianeba. saeklesio krebaze arGeul iqna saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi. sionSi isev gaisma qarTuli galoba. Tumca eklesias ar hqonia Zalian Tbili urTierToba aTeistur mTavrobasTan.
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1921 wels saqarTvelo bolSevikurma ruseTma Pelaxla daipyro, rac savsebiT mosalodneli da logikuri iyo. xalxis mexsierebaSi aRniSnuli brZolebi, romelsac saqarTvelos mTavroba ruseTisgan Tavdasacavad awarmoebda ara saqarTvelo-ruseTis, aramed menSevikTa da bolSevikTa brZolad SemorGa. saqarTvelo aranair propagandas ar awarmoebda ruseTis, rogorc gareSe dampyrobis winaaRmdeg, misTvis bolSevikebi moZme socialistebi iyvnen. miuxedavad amisa, erovnul-demokratiuli ideologiis mimdevari mamuliSvilebi medgrad ebrZodnen mowinaaRmdes (svaneTisa da PevsureTis ajanyebebi 1922 wels, qaquca GoloyaSvilis razmis moRvaweoba). Jordanias mTavrobam mxolod erTi cudad organizebuli ajanyeba dagegma, romelic sisxlSi GaixSo.
“დინებას მხოლოდ მკვდარი თევზები მიჰყვებიან”
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mZime gamodga saqarTvelosaTvis modernizirebuli ruseTis imperiis, anu sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris batonoba. aRniSnuli imperia Tavis Zalauflebas axorcielebda manamde arnaxuli yovlismomcvelobiT (totalurobiT), sisastikiT, siRrmiT, siyalbiTa da uzneobiT.
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yvelafers wvdeboda imperiis msraxvali Peli politikuri da samarTlebrivi urTierTobebiT dawyebuli da soflis meurneobiTa, Tu arqiteqturiT damTavrebuli. saqme iqamdec mivida, rom imperia qorwilis sufris organizebis saqmeSic ki ereoda (1980-ian wlebSi usafrTxoebis sababiT akrZales sefis gaSla, Tumca saqarTveloSi es kanoni iSviaTad sruldeboda). imperiis Zala-ufleba erTnairad swvdeboda mTasa Tu bars (svaneTis garda), ar darGa adamianuri moRvaweobis arc erTi dargi, sadac imperias ar hqonoda cxviris Gayofis survili da miswrafeba.
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imperiis udidesi sisastikis maGvenebelia aTasobiT daxocili da gacimbirebuli qarTveli, Semusvrili eklesiebi, daxvretili mRvdlebi, gaGanagebuli da dacarielebuli soflebi, GamoTeslili ucxo tomebi, anu eli. vaviloviseburi (iyo aseTi `mecnieri~ vavilovi, romelic amtkicebda, rom adamianebi ki ar unda elodon bunebis wyalobas, aramed unda waarTvan igi mas), mtacebluri ekologiuri politikis Sedegad didi ziani miadga saqarTvelos bunebas.
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Rrma kvali daaGnia saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris batonobam. dResac saqarTvelos uwevs brZola mZime memkvidreobidan gamosasvlelad. komunistebis mier Gadebuli bevri naRmi egreTwodebuli `avtonomiebis~ saxiT dResac aqtiurad moqmedebs da zogi Tavisi gaaqtiurebis dros ucdis. dResac bevri qarTveli sabWoTa warsuls mistiris.
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formalurad sapretenzio namdvilad araferi iyo. saqarTvelo damoukidebeli saPelmwifo gaxldaT Tavisi heraldikuri atributebiT, konstituciiT, mTavrobiT da Tqven warmoidgineT, erT dros samxedro SenaerTic hyavda (anapis divizia), magram mogvianebiT sabWoTa Pelisuflebam es moGvenebiTi samxedro Zala savsebiT daSala da gaauqma. saSineli umweoba imaleboda am moGvenebiTi Tavisuflebis ukan _ GvenSi SeuZlebeli iyo raYme odnav mainc mniSvnelovani proeqtis kremlis nebarTvis gareSe ganxorcieleba.
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sabWoTa Pelisufleba Tavisi Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis mizniT aranair zneobriv ukuRmarTobas ar erideboda. Pelisuflebis mxridan moqalaqeTa SantaJi Gveulebrivi movlena iyo. imperia sakuTari miznebis gansaxorcieleblad kriminalur ideologiasac (egreT wodebuli `kanonieri qurdebi~) ki iyenebda.
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mTeli komunisturi reJimis batonobis manZilze ar Sewyvetila imperiis winaaRmdeg brZola, romelic sxvadasxva xerxebiT warmoebda. qarTveli moRvaweebi zneobrivi poziciebidan utevdnen imperias. aRsaniSnavia dapatimrebuli kaTolikos-patriarqis wmida ambrosis sityvebi mimarTuli sakuTari jalaTebis misamarTiT: `suli Gemi RmerTs ekuTvnis, guli saqarTvelos, xolo cariel gvams rac gindaT is uyaviTo~. totaluri reJimis winaaRmdeg brZola midioda yvelgan da yvelaferSi: literaturaSi, mecnierebaSi, sufraze, ojaxSi da ase Semdeg.
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mecnierebisa da teqnikis, gansakuTrebiT istoriografiisa da komunikaciebis (kavSir-gabmulobisa da mimosvlis saSualebebis) ganviTarebis kvaldakval qarTvelebs meti saSualeba miecaT gacnoboden msoflios da ukeT gaeanalizebinaT saqarTvelos adgili saerTaSoriso politikaSi. saqarTveloSi gaGndnen moazrovneebi, romlebic Gveni qveynis adgils evropul, anu dasavlur sivrceSi xedavdnen, romelTac mkveTrad daupirispirda mecnierul safuZvelze damyarebuli idologia iberiul-kavkasiuri politikuri sivrcis Sesaxeb, romlis mTavari ideologi batoni zviad gamsaxurdia gaxldaT.
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zviad gamsaxurdias ideiT, romelic naTlad gamosWvivis misi mecnieruli naSromebidan da gansakuTrebiT 1990 wels wakiTxuli leqciidan `saqarTvelos sulieri missia~, uZveles droSi mTeli xmelTaSua zRvis GrdiloeTi sanapiro Tavisi auziT (masSi Gamavali mdinareebis PeobebiT) da misi mimdebare miwebi qarTvelebis monaTesave egreTwodebuli iafetiduri modgmis xalxiT iyo dasaxlebuli. droTa ganmavlobaSi aRniSnuli miwebi dakarguli da aq mcxovrebi mosaxleoba gadagvarebuli iqna ucxo dampyrobTa mier. gadarGnen mxolod pireneebis baskebi da kavkasiuri tomebi (qarTvelebi; veinaxebi, anu GeGnebi da inguSebi; qaSagebi, anu afsuebi, adiReelebi, Gerqezebi da yabardoelebi; daRestnelebi), romelTagan mxolod qarTvelebs gaaGndaT saPelmwifoebrioba, Tavisi damwerloba da maRalganviTarebuli kultura. aqedan gamomdinare, gamsaxurdias azriT, saqarTvelos misia aRniSnuli erebis erT muStad Sekvra da SeZlebidagvarad maTTvis daxmarebis gaweva gaxldaT. ra Tqma unda, dReYsaTvis es TiTqmis SeuZleblad miiGneva, magram mosalodnelia axali teqnikuri progresi, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis ufro mWidro urTierTobebs.
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gamsaxurdias ideiT saqarTvelo Sinaganad erovnuli saPelmwifo unda yofiliyo. amasTanave batoni zviadi iTvaliswinebda mravalricxovani araqarTuli mosaxleobis arsebobas. is maT ekomikur Tanasworobas da kulturul TviTmyofadobas hpirdeboda, magram saPelmwifo politika unda warmarTuliyo qarTveli eris interesebidan gamomdinare.
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1980-iani wlebis bolos `masonTa~ mowolis Sedegad sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri daiSala. `masonebi~ am saqmisTvis qarTvelebisa da sxva erebis swrafvas Tavisuflebiksen aqtiurad iyenebdnen. roca amis fizikuri saSualeba mieca, qarTvelma xalxma, jer kidev sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris arsebobisas, uari ganacxada komunizmSi cxovrebaze da airGia erovnuli Pelisufleba batoni zviad gamsaxurdias PelmZRvanelobiT, anu qarTveli eris neba gaxldaT erovnuli saPelmwifos Gamoyalibeba.
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`masonebma~ baton zviads ideologiurad Riad veraferi daupirispires. maT ubralod iTamaSes misi Pelisuflebis sust wertilebze da didi finansuri da informaciuli resursebis gamoyenebiT SeZles gamsaxurdias Pelisuflebis damxoba. mis adgilze ki eduard SevardnaZe dasves, romelic adre sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris satrapi iyo saqarTveloSi. zviad gamsaxurdia samoqalaqo omSi daiRupa.
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rogorc azoni Tavis droze cdilobda elinizmis gavrcelebas saqarTveloSi, axlac SeavardnaZe da misi memkvidre axali azoni, saakaSvili cdiloben saqarTvelo gaxadon `civilizebuli msoflios~ sruluflebiani wevri. dRevandeli prezidenti sakmaod hgavs Tavis elinist winamorbeds, igi mas albaT mxolod vaJkacobaSi Tu GamorGeba. modiT, axla pirovnebebze saubars Tavi vaneboT da masonTa politikaze visaubroT saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi.
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dRes saqarTvelo `masonTa~ uRlis qveS gminavs. masonTa politikasac arnaxuli yovlismomcveloba, sisastike, siRrme, siyalbe da uzneoba axasiaTebs. amasTanave igi gamoirGeva moqnilobiTa da moTminebiT, rac didad aklda sabWoTa sistemas.
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`masonTa~ yovlismomcvelobaze laparaki zemetia. mimdinareobs Seteva yovelive erovnulze. `masonebi~ cdiloben qarTuli kultura, anu yvelaferi Rirebuli, rac qarTvel kacs Seuqmnia, mxolod muzeumebis sakuTrebad iqces. qarTul hagiografias, ruTavelisa Tu wmida ilia marTlis Semoqmedebas dromoWmulad acxadeben. televiziis saSualebiT mimdinareobs adamianebis `tvinis gamorecxva~. qarTul wes-Gveulebebs `goimurad~(goimad huriebi ucxoelebs moiazreben, anu berZnuli barbarosis TiTqmis zusti Targmania) naTlaven. isini cdiloben marTmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis Girqis mocxebas da RvTisaken mimavali gzidan rac SeiZleba meti adamianis Gamocilebas. ekonomika mTlianad `masonTa~ PelSi unda aRmoGndes. ucxoeTidan Semosuli kvebis produqtebi ganviTarebis saSualebas uspoben qarTul soflis meurneobas, romlis sruli ganadgureba bunebrivi pirobebis gamo, SeuZlebelia. `masonebi~ agreTve cdiloben elis momravlebas egreT wodebuli Turqi-mesxebis da sxvaTa saxiT, anu maTi gaTvliT saqarTvelo ar unda iyos qarTvelTa qveyana, aramed saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa sacxovrisi.
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`masonTa~ sisastikeze metyvelebs aTeul aTasobiT daRupuli, aseul aTasobiT devnili da gaubedurebuli da milionobiT damSeuli da imedgacruebuli qarTveli. mimdinareobs qarTvelTa raodenobis Semcirebisken mimarTuli politika. isini sastikad uswordebian yvelas, vinc maT gzas gadauRobavs (es pirdapiri mniSvnelobiTac SegviZlia gavigoT).
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`masonuri~ msoflmxeveloba Rrmad cdilobs SeiWras qarTveli kacis fsiqikaSi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, midis tvinis masobrivi gamorecxva, `evropuli~ saganmanaTleblo sistemis damkvidreba, sqesobrivi aRviaxsnilobis daufaravi qadageba.
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formalurad dResac araferia sapretenzio. saqarTvelo `msoflio Tanamegobrobis~ sruluflebiani wevria da yvela Zlieri saPelmwifo zemoTxsenebuli amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis TamadobiT misi Zma da megobaria. mosisxleobaze meti mtroba imaleba am megobrobis miRma. roca kaxel glexs xorbali beRelSi ulpeboda, `masonebi~ `humanitarul daxarebas~ gvigzavnidnen bazarze gasayidad.
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`masonTa~ uzneobaze argumentebis moyvana zedmetad migvaGnia. Tu komunistebisaTvis uzneoba mxolod iaraRi iyo maTi politikuri miznebis misaRwevad, `masonTaTvis~ igi maTi politikis Semadgeneli nawilia, radgan uzneo sazogadoebaSi advilia satanuri wesrigis damyareba.
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komunistebisgan gansxvavebiT `masonebi~ arasdros moqmedeben erTi SabloniT. isini Tavis moqmedebebs yovelTvis uTanxmeben Seqmnil viTarebas.
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`masonebs~ advilad SeuZliaT TavianTi zraxvebis adamianTagan damalva. amitomacaa, rom isini didi xnis manZilze veravin moiPelTa. isini mudmivad da Seupovrad miiweven dasaxuli miznisaken da marcxis SemTxvevaSi mogvianebiT isev gadadian Setevaze.
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amrigad, avad Tu kargad saqarTvelom da qarTvelma erma gauZles Gveulebrivi dampyrobeli saPelmwifoebisa Tu imperiebis Semotevebs. axla Gveni qveyana dgas zesaPelmwifoTa Semotevis winaSe, romlis mosageriebladac aucilebelia saPelmwifoebriobis kidev ufro ganviTareba, arsebuli dRevandel moTxovnebs veRar pasuxobs. am SemTxvevaSi Gven gvaqvs arGevanis saSualeba. Gven SegviZlia mSvidad mivsdioT dRevandeli msoflios politikur dinebas, simSvide da savse muceli ki uzrunvelyofili gveqneba (raRac dromde mainc). magram Tu Gven gvinda momavali, rogorc yvelaze jiSiani Tevzis _ oragulisTvisaa aucilebeli dinebis sawinaaRmdegod curva, curva Tavisi sawyisebisken, aseve GvenTvisac aucilebelia ltolva Gveni fesvebisaken, anu rogorc batonma zviad gamsaxurdiam upasuxa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis SeniSvnas, rom prezidenti gamsaxurdia dinebis sawinaaRmdegod micuravda, dinebas marTlac
mxolod mkvdari Tevzebi mihyvebian.
gobasi 