ბაბილონი

    am postSi moTxrobilia Gemeuli xedva msoflio saPelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.

ს ა ჴ ე ლ მ წ ი ფ ო

1

samyaros Seqmnis dasasruls RmerTma samyaros gKrgKnad da xatad TKsad Seqmna adamiani. Tavdapirvelad adamiani Tavis bunebriv garemoSi, anu samoTxeSi, cxovrobda RvTiuri mfarvelobis qveS. codviT dacemis Semdeg, igi gamoZevebul iqmna samoTxidan da sasjelad ofliT Tavis rGena daevala.

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    kacTa modgmis gamravlebis Semdeg, amsofliuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, saWiro gaxda adamianTa jgufis saerTo Zalisxmeva, anu safuZveli Gaeyara sazogadoebis Gamoyalibebas. pirveli, Zireuli sazogadoebrivi erTeuli gaxldaT ojaxi, anu komli, romelic ukve adamis droidan arsebobda. saerTod, nebismieri sazogadoebis simtkice damokidebulia misi Zireuli erTeulis _ komlis siZliereze, anu Zlieri komli mtkice sazogadoebis sawindaria.

3

    kacobriobis gamravlebis kvaldakval iqmneboda axali sazogadoebrivi warmonaqmnebi: tomebi da rasebi. wminda werilis mixedviT, warRvnamde sazogadoebaSi ori modgma (rasa) arsebobda _ kaenisa (mecnierulad neandertalidebi) da seiTis. kaeni da misi modgma RvTisagan dawyevlili gaxldaT, seiTis ki kurTxeuli. Tavidan isini calcalke viTardebodnen, Semdeg ki daiwyes Sejvareba, rac RvTis nebis sawinaaRmdego, anu arabunebrivi iyo, radgan jiSianis ujiSosTan SejvarebiT, nayofi yovelTvis ujiSo iqneba. Tu dampal xils saRTan erTad SevfuTavT, anu karg Rvinos cuds gavurevT, yovelTvis uares Sedegs miviRebT. amitomac adamianTa modgmac uaresisken gadaixara. RmerTma maT sasjelad warRvna mouvlina. gadarGa mxolod noes ojaxi, romelmac Seuryvnelad Semoinaxa winaparTa rjuli da jiSi. aqedan gamomdinare, nebismieri modgmis gadarGenis sawindari misi sisxlis siwminde da RvTiT boZebuli rjulis Seuryvnelobaa.

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    warRvnis Semdeg kacobrioba kvlav gamravlda noes ojaxidan. `gaZlierda~ adamianTa modgma. maT gadawyvites, RvTis nebis gareSe aeSenebinaT babilonis godoli, anu Tavisi, araRvTiuri, adamianuri kanonebiT ecxovraT. ra Tqma unda, es RmerTisTvis miuRebeli iyo da RvTiuri nebiT gaGnda axal-axali enebi. adamianebma erTmaneTs veraferi gaagebines da mTeli dedamiwis zedapirze daifantnen. gaGndnen erebi da qveynebi.

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    eri, saerTod, saerTo warmomavlobis, wes-Gveulebebis, miswrafebebis da kulturis mqone adamianTa erTobliobaa, romelic amave wes-GveulebebiT imarTeba, xolo qveyana ama Tu im eris sacxovriss warmoadgens.

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    da, gavrcelda kacTa modgma mTels dedamiwaze. amuSavebdnen miwas, hqmnidnen materialur kulturas, aarsebdnen qveynebs. da, daiwyo qveyanaTa Soris qiSpoba, gaGnden dapyrobili da dampyrobeli erebi. Gveulebrivma qveynebma ganviTarebis mwvervals qristHs Sobamde IV-III aTaswlelebSi SumerSi (dRevandeli erayis teritoriaze) miaRwies.

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    STambeWdavia Zveli Sumeris miRwevebi: SuamdinareTis sarwyavi arxebis qseli (sairigacio sistema), arqiteqtura, pirveli Gvenamde moRweuli maRalmxatvruli poema (`gilgameSiani~), borbali, romelidanac ganviTarda mTeli dRevandeli sawarmoo sistema (industria) da mravali sxva. Sumers ukve gaaGnda garkveuli niSnebi axali tipis sazogadoebisa, kerZod ki _ saPelmwifosi.

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    qristHs Sobamde II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi Sumeri dapyrobil iqna aqadTa mier. swored semitma aqadebma Seqmnes pirveli saPelmwifo Tavisi erT-erTi umniSvelovanesi Semadgeneli nawiliT _ pirveli profesionaluri armiiT (aqadTa mefis sargon I-is purs 5 400 meomari Wamda).

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    saPelmwifo, qveynisgan gansxvavebiT, aris gansazRvruli teritoria, sadac moqmedebs erTiani (centralizebuli) Pelisufleba, romelic Tavis Zalauflebas dawerili kanonebis safuZvelze, saPelmwifo-mmarTvelobiTi aparatis meSveobiT, iZulebisa da darwmunebis meTodebiT axorcielebs.

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    saPelmwifos dasayrdenia ara eri, aramed xalxi, romelic ama Tu im saPelmwifos mosaxleobis erTobliobas warmoadgens. xalxisTvis araa aucilebeli sisxlismieri erToba, mTavaria hqondes saerTo miswrafebani (amerikuli ocneba, rusuli derJava da sxva) da saerTo kanonebiT cxovrobdnen.

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    aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom qveyana RvTis nebiT Seqmnili bunebrivi erTeulia, xolo saPelmwifo adamianTa mier mogonili manqana, romelic adamianTa mierve imarTeba. amitom arasworia azri, rom adamiani valdebulia emsaxuros saPelmwifos _ manqana Tavadve unda emsaxurebodes patrons. ama Tu im saPelmwifos av-kargianoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad akmayofilebs igi mosaxleobis (xalxis) interesebs.

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saPelmwifo iaraRia xalxis PelSi, romelic mas ukeT brZolisaTvis sWirdeba, anu saPelmwifos warmoSoba raRac Zaladobis Sedegia. sainteresoa, rom Gvens monaTesave Grdilio-kavkasiel erebs XVIII saukunemde TavianTi saPelmwifoebi TiTqmis arasodes hqoniaT, radgan maT mezoblad erTaderTi Zlieri saPelmwifo saqarTvelo gaxldaT, romelsac arasodes hqonia maTze Tavdasxmis miswrafeba, radganac mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze saqarTvelo erovnuli da zneobaze damyarebuli saPelmwifo gaxldaT da arc Grdilokavkasielebs hqoniaT vinmes dapyrobis mainc da mainc didi survili.     

ი მ პ ე რ ი ა

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 Gveulebrivma dampyrobelma saPelmwifoebma TavianTi Zlierebis mwvervals babilonis mefis nabuqodonosorisa da aqemeniduri sparseTis dros miaRwies. maT ukve gaaGndaT niSnebi axali tipis saPelmwifosi, kerZod imperiisa. didi da Zlieri iyo indoeTidan egeosis zRvamde gadaWimuli sparsTa saPelmwifo, masSi mravali eri erTiani kanonebiT cxovrobda da muxls erT mefes udrekda. dResac gancvifrebaSi movyavarT babilonisa Tu egreTwodebuli `persepolisis~ nangrevebs, romelzec mTeli sparseTis saPelmwifos sidiadea aRbeWdili. TiTqos maSindeli msoflios mTeli amqveyniuri saunje am qalaqebSi yofiliyo Tavmoyrili (sainteresoa, rom orive es naqalaqari XX saukuneSi iqna aRdgenili mnaxvelTa mozidvis mizniT. orive am naqalaqaris aRdgenis moTave (iniciatori) saPelmwifoTa meTaurebi _ prezidenti sadam huseini da Sahi reza fehlevi gaxldnen da orive maTganis Pelisufleba ZaliT iqna damxobili).

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mtkice PeliT marTavda nabuqodonosori babilonelTa umdidres da uZlieres saPelmwifos. uZleveli da maradiuli egona igi mas, magram adamianur manqanas ar SeuZlia SeaGeros droYs svla da Signidan gatyda babilonis manamde uZleveli kedlebi. maradiuli egonaT Zlier aqemenid Sahebs TavianTi uzarmazari saPelmwifo, romelsac zurgs mtice mmarTvelobiTi aparati da kargad mofiqrebuli saPelmwifoebrivi sistema umagrebda, magram sul ramdenime weli dasWira am urGxulis (monstris) dacemas, nacartutad iqca qalaqi persepolisi da sparsTa adgili axali tipis saPelmwifom _ aleqsandre makedonelis berZnulma (elinurma) imperiam daikava.

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saPelmwifos marTvis imperiuli sistema Tavis TavSi moicavs mkacr saPelmwifo-mmarTvelobiT manqanasa da imperiul ideologias, romelic amarTlebs imperiis arsebobasa da mis mudmiv, maniakalur swrafvas gafarToebisken.

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aleqsandre makedonelis imperias zurgs elinizmis ideologia umagrebda, romlis mTavari ideologi makedonelis maswavlebeli aristotele gaxldaT. aristotele ambobda, rom azielebi monobis moyvare xalxia, saberZneTis GrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi evropelebi _ velurebi, xolo berZnebi ki udidesi kulturis matarebelni da Tavisuflebismoyvareni, riTac amtkicebda berZenTa (elinTa) upiratesobas sxvebTan (barbarosebTan) SedarebiT, anu qadagebda elinizms.

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elinizmis, anu berZenTa upiratesobis mqadagebeli ideologiis niSnebs jer kidev homerosis SemoqmedebaSi vxvdebiT. igi viTardeboda mTeli berZnuli kulturis ganviTarebis kvaldakval da sabolood Gamoyalibda aristoteles dros. Tu homerosis gmirebs ucxo qveyanaze TavdasxmisaTvis raRac sababi mainc sWirdebodaT (elenes motaceba), aritotelesaTvis es aucilebeli ar iyo. misTvis barbarosi monis sinonimia (`barbarosebSi SeiniSneba gaerTianebis mxolod erTaderTi forma _ monaTa gaerTianeba~ _ aristotele). rogorc dRes msoflio iyofa `civilizebul~ da egreTwodebul `III samyaros qveynebad~ da mimdinareobs egreTwodebuli `civilizaciis~ mTeli msoflios masStabiT gavrceleba, antikur xanaSi, elinisturi ideologiiT adamianebi elinebad da barbarosebad iyofodnen da sadac berZnebs Peli miuwvdebodaT, midioda barbarosTa elinizaciis, anu damonebis, gadajiSebis da gadagvarebis procesi (madloba RmerTs, maSin msoflios udidesi nawili berZenTaTvis ucnobi iyo).

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aleqsandre makedonelis imperia misi sikvdilisTanave daiSala patar-patara elinistur saPelmwifoebad, romlebSic mTeli simkacriT xorcieldeboda elinizaciis procesi. elinisturi imperiebis gavlenis qveS qarTveluri tomebic moeqcnen. Tumca farnavazis ajanyebam SeaGera elinistTa winsvla saqarTvelos siRrmeSi, magram mcire aziur qarTvelur qveynebSi, anu pontosa da kabadokiaSi elinizacia mTeli sisruliT xorcieldeboda.

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qarTulma elinisturma saPelmwifoebma Tavisi ganviTarebis mwvervals qristHs Sobamde I saukuneSi, pontos mefe miTridate VI-s dros miaRwies, rodesac pontos samefo saTaveSi Gaudga berZenTa brZolas romaelTa winaaRmdeg. miTridatem Tavidanve garkveul warmatebasac miaRwia. gaaTavisufla ra mTeli mcire azia romaelTa batonobisgan, is mcire xniT aTensac ki daeufla, magram pontos mefe sabolood damarcxebul iqna romaeli sardlis pompeusis mier. romisa da bizantiis imperiebis qveS aRmoGenilma qarTulma elinisturma qveynebma didi wvlili Seitanes qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi (wminda giorgi, wminda nino, evagre pontoeli, basili didi da sxva).

21

qristHs Sobamde II-I saukuneebSi patar-patara elinisturi imperiebi moeqca romis uZlieresi imperiis Pelisuflebis qveS. romaelebma miiTvises berZnuli imperiuli idologia, TavianTi Tavi amoricxes `barbarosTa rigebidan~ da didi warmatebiT Seudgnen sakuTari imperiis mSeneblobas. maT berZnebze gacilebiT ukeT moaxerxes aristoteles ideologiis xorcSesxma. msoflio istoriografiaSi sityva `elinizacia~ Seicvala `romanizaciiT~. marTalia maSindel qarTul saPelmwifoebs romaelebma bevri veraferi daakles, magaram moaxerxes pireneebis iberTa `romanizacia~, rasac mxolod baskebi gadaurGnen. elinizmis calkeuli ideebi dRes moqmedi bevri ideologiis Semadgeneli nawilia (faSizmi, kaTolicizmi da sxva).

22

ieso qristHs moRvaweobis Semdeg, qristianuli sarwmunoeba mTeli imperiis masStabiT, didi warmatebiT win aRudga romis imperiul ideologias, rac gadamwyveti faqtori gaxda romis imperiis dacemisa. miuxedavaT amisa, aRmosavleT romis, anu bizantiis imperatorma iustinianem moaxerxa imperiuli ideologia qristianuli saburveliT daefara. es mkveTrad gamoGnda bizantiur arqiteqturaSi, sadac pirvelad iustinianes dros agebul aia sofias umSvenieres taZarSi oTxkuTxa Senobaze (Zveli eklesiebi oTxkuTxa bazilikebs warmoadgendnen) daidga mrgvali gumbaTi (saxelmwifos simbolo). sainteresoa, rom bizantiis imperiam romis imperiaze gacilebiT did xans gaZlo, magram romaelTa samanebs TiTqmis arasodes gascilebia. aseTive saxis imperia Seiqmna dasavleT evropaSi karlos didis dros, romelsac safuZvlad kaTolicizmi daedo.

23

elinizmis Semdeg meore udidesi imperiuli ideologia islami gaxldaT. misi damfuZnebeli iyo gaerTianebuli arabeTis pirveli erTmmarTveli (monarqi) muhamedi. muhamedma islami rwmenis rangSi warmogviGina. amitom rTulia dRes gavarGioT islami _ rogorc sarwmunoeba da rogorc politikuri ideologia, radgan Tavidanve aseTi gamijvna ar yofila. marTalia, rom zogierTi imperiuli ideologebi qristianobis elementebsac iyenebdnen (ZiriTadad TavianTi zraxvebis Sesaburad), magram qristianoba, Tavidanve saPelmwifo idologia ar yofila, xolo yvela saPelmwifos, romelic islamur ideologiazea dayrdnobili, gaaGnia maniakaluri swrafva gafarToebisaken. muslimanuri ideologiiT gamsWvalulma arabebma daipyres indoeTi, TiTqmis mTeli axlo aRmosavleTi da Sua azia, GrdiloeT afrika da evropis nawili da Seqmnes udidesi imperia himalais mTebidan atlantis okeanemde. maTi winsvla evropis siRrmeSi SeGerebul iqna puatiesTan (centraluri safrangeTi) frankTa mefis karlos martelis mier.

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marTalia, islamSi arabi eris upiratesobaze pirdapir araferia naTqvami, magram muslimanur samyaroSi maT yovelTvis upiratesi adgili eWiraT: locva yvelgan arabulad aRevlineba, yvela islamur saPelmwifoSi arabuli anbania gavrcelebuli; da bolos _ yoveli muslimanisaTvis savaldebuloa sicocxleSi erTxel mainc hajis Sesruleba, anu arabeTis qalaq meqaSi mdebare qaabis qvis monaxuleba, rac kidev ufro ganamtkicebs arabTa mdgomareobas muslimanTa Soris. radgan islamSi arabi eris upiratesoba pirdapir gamokveTili ar aris, advilia am ideologiiT sxva imperiebmac isargeblon da erTdrouladac (romaelebiviT ar mouwevT TavianTi Tavis `barbarosTa rigebidan~ amoSla).

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islamuri ideologia saboloo jamSi erTerovani msoflios Seqmnisken miiswrafvis, rac iqedanac Gans rom muslimanuri sarwmunoeba araviTar yuradRebas ar uTmobs adamianTa erovnul dayofas, maTTvis yvela muslimani erTmaneTis `Zmaa~ da yoveli muslimani mzadaa mtyuan-marTlis ganurGevlad msoflios nebismier wertilSi daxmareba gauwios TavianT `TanamoZmeebs~. muslimanTa samxedro doqtrina (brZolis wesi) naTlad Gamoayaliba VII saukenSi xalifa omar ibn al xatabma, romelic ambobda, rom muslimanebi SeWamdnen urwmunoT (aramuslimanT), xolo Tu isini amas ver SeZlebdnen, maSin muslimanTa Svilebi SeWamdnen maT Svilebs _ anu gamocxadda mudmivi omi (jihadi, hazavaTi). sainteresoa, rom es doqtrina dResac moqmedebs.

26

VIII saukunidan arabTa xalifati nelnela iwyebs dasustebas. XI saukuneSi muslimanur samyaroSi wamyvan adgils Turq-seljukebi ikaveben. TurqTa veluri tomebi dRevandel Turanis dablobze da mimdebare teritoriaze momTabareobdnen. XI saukuneSi ToRlur begis winamZRolobiT daiwyes axlo aRmosavleTSi SemoWra da Gasaxleba. male maT xmelTa Sua zRvis sanapiromde miaRwies. daamarcxes ra bizantiis imperia manaskertis brZolaSi, maT mcire aziis didi nawilic daikaves. Turqebma ToRlur begis dros miiRes islami da adgilobriv mosaxleobas Seerivnen. seljukTa imperia male daiSala. XII_XIV saukuneebSi axlo aRmosavleTSi GamoTeslili Turquli tomebi Seviwrovebulni iyvnen jvarosnebis, qarTvelebisa da, ZiriTadad, monRolebisgan.

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XIV saukuneSi erT-erT Turqul toms saTaveSi Gaudga osman begi, romelmac Gamoayaliba axali Turquli imperia. am ukanasknels osmalTa (evropaSi cnobilia rogorc otomanTa) imperia ewoda. 1453 wels osmalTa sultanma mehmed II-m aiRo bizantiis dedaqalaqi konstantinopoli da bizantiurma imperiam arseboba Sewyvita. XVI saukuneSi osmalTa xelSi aRmoGnda axlo aRmosavleTis udidesi nawili, GrdiloeT afrika da balkaneTisa da yirimis naxevarkunZulebi. konstantinopoli (Turqulad istanbuli) iqca axali imperiis dedaqalaqad. osmalebma bizantielebisgan sxva bevri ramec gadaiRes: simbolika, sazRvao politika, da rac mTavaria, maTi damokidebuleba muslimanur ideologiasTan ufro bizantielebis damokidebulebas mogvagonebda qristianobasTan. isini TavianT sultans Tvlidnen `alahis Grdilad dedamiwaze~ da aqedan gamomdinare yvela muslimanis patronad. Tumca bizantiis imperias sxva ufro Zlieri memkvidrec gamouGnda.

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XV-XVI saukuneebi evropaSi aRorZinebisa (renesansis) da didi geografiuli aRmoGenebis xanaa. am periodSi SesaZlebeli gaxda TiTqmis mTeli dedamiwis garSemo mogazauroba. evropeli mogzaurebis mier aRmoGenil iqna manamde ucnobi miwebi. evropaSi moxda agreTve antikuri (berZnul-romauli) kulturis aRorZineba, rac harmoniulad Seewyo manamde gabatonebul kaTolicizms da gamoiwvia axali imperialisturi ideologiis, kerZod `absolutizmis~ ganviTareba. yovelive aman ganapiroba axali tipis imperiebis, anu igive `msoflio imperiebis~ warmoSoba. XVI saukuneSi, pirvelad istoriaSi, espaneTis mefe filipe II-s imperiaSi mze arasodes Gadioda (es pirdapir unda gavigoT, anu roca espaneTSi Ramea filipe II-s yofili imperiis sxva nawilSi, magaliTad filipinebze, romelic dedamiwis meore mxares mdebareobs, dRea). msoflio imperiebi, gansxvavebiT Gveulebrivi imperiebisgan, TavianT miswrafebebs mTeli msoflios masStabiT axorcielebdnen. am periodSi warmoSobili erT-erTi aseTi tipis saPelmwifo ruseTis imperia gaxldaT.

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aRmosavlur-slavuri saPelmwifos, kievis ruseTis (русь) daSlis Semdeg warmoqmnil, monRolebis mier dapyrobil vladimir-suzdalis samTavros daSlis Sedegad Seiqmna moskovis samTavro, romelmac saTave daudo ruseTis axal saPelmwifos (россия). XV saukuneSi moskovis samTavro gaTavisuflda monRolTa batonobisagan. XVI sukuneSi, ioane mrisxanes mefobis dros igi ukve imperiad iqca. amis Tqmis uflebas gvaZlevs ara mxolod rusTa mier yazanisa da astraxanis saxanoebis dapyroba da maTi miwebis miTviseba, aramed im ideologiis gabatonebac, romelic ruseTs bizantiis imperiis memkvidred acxadebda. es rusul simbolikaSic naTlad gamoikveTa (orTaviani arwivi bizantielebisganaa nasesxebi).

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XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi rusebma daipyres da miiTvises uralis, cimbiris, baYkalis, alYaskis da Soreuli aRmosavleTis uzarmazari teritoriebi. amasTanave petre I-is dros ruseTSi SemoiWra evropuli tipis absolutizmis ideebi da organulad Seerwya imperiul ideologias, anu ruseTi msoflio imperiad iqca, romelsac xmeleTis 1/6 eWira.

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gansxvaveba imperiul da msoflio-imperiul ruseTs Soris naTlad Gans maT mier warmoebuli religiuri politikidanac. Tu rusuli imperia petre I-mde marTmadideblobas Tavisi miznebisTvisac iyenebda, is cdilobda marTmadidebluri samyaros interesebis dacvasac. amis naTeli magaliTia ruseT-kaxeTis urTierToba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, romelic ormxriv sasargeblo iyo. petre I-is Semdeg imperia marTmadideblobas mxolod propagandistuli miznebisTvis iyenebda, rac naTlad Gans ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobidanac:

• petre I-ma Tavisi imperuli mizebisaTvis, borotad gamoiyena ra mefe vaxtang VI-is ndoba, iransa da osmaleTs dasaglejad miugdo qarTlis samefo;
  
• ruseTma avtokefaliis gauqmebiT ara marto saqarTvelos ekelesias miayena umZimesi dartyma, aramed TviT marTmadideblur sarwmunoebasac saqarTveloSi;
  
• dResac ruseTis mTavar dasayrdenad amierkavkasiaSi rGeba aramarTmadidebluri somxeTi.

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 msoflio imperiebma TavianTi Zlierebis mwvervals XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze ruseTsa da did britaneTSi miaRwies. didi britaneTis imperias, romelic ingliselTa sazRvao Zlierebaze iyo damyarebuli, msoflios 1/4 eWira.

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    XVI saukunis dasawyisSi inglisi ganudga romis kaTolikur eklesias, riTac mkveTrad daupirispirda uZlieres evropul saPelmwifoebs _ safrangeTsa da espaneTs. 1588 wels ingliselebma gaanadgures ra espaneTis floti, gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moipoves msoflio okeaneSi. XVII saukunis dasawyisSi inglisis taxtze adis Sotlandiis mefe jeims VI da safuZveli eyreba didi britaneTis gaerTianebul samefos. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi britanelebi TavianT sazRvao Zlierebaze dayrdnobiT aarsebdnen koloniebs msoflios yvela regionSi. sargeblobdnen ra imiT, rom didi britaneTi warmoadgens kunZuls da evropuli saPelmwifoebisgan Tavdasacavad sakmarisi iyo maTze sazRvao Zlierebis SenarGuneba, isini uSiSrad aviTarebdnen sakuTar ekonomikas, raSic maT koloniebidan Semodenili auracxeli simdidrec gvarianad exmareboda. XIX saukuneSi britaneTi `industiuli revoluciis~ saTaveSi aRmoGnda, ramac imperiis arnaxuli ganviTareba gamoiwvia. amave periodSi warmoebulma omebma, kerZod napoleonis winaaRmdeg warmoebulma omma, yirimis omma (romelmac uzrunvelyo britaneTis ruseTze upiratesoba) da GineTis winaaRmdeg warmoebulma egreTwodebulma `opiumis~ omma (romlebSi britaneTi sxvadasxva mokavSireebTan erTad gamarjvebuli gamodioda), kidev ufro ganamtkica britaneTis Zliereba _ didi britaneTi msoflios uZlieres da umdidres imperiad iqca.

34

    XIX saukunis II naxevarSi prusiis samefos qveS gaerTianebuli germaniis saxiT britaneTs mniSvnelovani metoqe gamouGnda evropaSi. 1871 wels germanelebma daamarcxes safrangeTis imperatori napoleon III da kontinenetur evropaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moipoves. rogorc adolf hitleri werda, britaneTis politika evropis mimarT yovelTvis mimarTuli iyo kontinentis uZlieresi saPelmwifos winaaRmdeg da maleve Seiqmna koalicia (samxedro gaerTianeba) germaniis winaaRmdeg, romelsac `antanta~ ewoda. antantasa da germanias Soris winaaRmegobam gamoiwvia 2 msoflio omi, romlebmac britaneTis imperiuli SesaZleblobebis amowurva gamoiwvia. II msoflio omSi naTlad gamoGnda imperiuli sistemis uxeiroba. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia malai-singapuris brZola (ufro kampania), sadac iaponiis mcirericxovanma armiam general iomaSitos winamZRolobiT srulad gaanadgura masze minimum 2 jer mravalricxvovani britaneTis koloniuri jarebi. II msoflio omis Semdeg dasustebuli britaneTis imperiis adgili ki axali tipis saPelmwifoebrivma warmonaqma, anu zesaPelmwifom, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma daikava.

ზ ე ს ა ჴ ე ლ მ წ ი ფ ო

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 XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi evropis qveynebSi warmoiSva (an gaaqtiurda) moZraoba, romelic erTiani msoflio wesrigis Seqmnas isaxavda miznad. aRniSnul periodSi ZiriTadad damrTavda msoflios gadanawileba msoflio imperiebs Soris _ centriT evropaSi, ramac gamoiwvia iq auracxeli simdidris dagroveba. da, `gansuqdnen~ evropeli didebulebi da `iwyes zraxvad borotTa~.

36

    idea erTiani msoflio wesrigis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebiT evropuli absolutizmiT ukmayofilo didebulebebisa da axladgamdidrebuli, egreTwodebuli III wodebisTvis (vaWrebis, mewarmeebis, eqimebis da sxva profesiis moRvaweTaTvis) unda yofiliyo mimzidveli, romelTa politikur miswrafebebsac mniSvnelovnad zRudavda evropaSi gabatonebuli absolutizmi. zemoT aRniSnuli ideis mimdevrebi Tavidanve faruli SeTqmulebebis gziT arGevdnen moRvaweobas da bevri araferia cnobili maTi taqtikisa da Sida ganawesis Sesaxeb, magram maTi moRvaweobis kvali naTlad atyvia Semdgomdroindel msoflio istorias. faruli moRvaweobis gamo, maT Sesaxeb bevri legenda dadis. maT mravali saxeliT icnoben, maTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb damajereblad msjeloba mxolod maTive namoRvawariTaa SesaZlebeli. radgan zusti monacemebi ar gamaGnia, maT pirobiTad sazogadoebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli saxeliT `masonebi~ _ movixsenieb.

37

    miuxedavad evropaSi mopovebuli garkveuli warmatebebisa, `masonebma~ Tavdapirvelad ver SeZles absolutizmis winaaRmdegobis gatexva da TavianTi saPelmwifos Gamoyalibeba GrdiloeT amerikis britanul koloniebSi gadawyvites. isargebles ra, mefis arapopularobiT da imperiis rTuli saerTaSoriso mdgomareobiT, `masonebma~ safrangeTis daxmarebiT daamarcxes britaneTis koloniuri jarebi da daiwyes TavianTi zesaPelmwifos _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mSenebloba.

38

    adamianebis mier erTiani msoflio wesrigis Seqmna Tvisobrivad axali babilonis godolis mSeneblobas hgavs. Tu ki dedamiwaze RvTiuri wesrigi, anda misken ltolva, Seicvleba adamianuri wesrigiT, anda aseTi wesrigis mSeneblobiT, es gamoiwvevs am qveyanaze zeciuri wesrigis darRvevas, rac Tavis mxriv satanuri wesrigis damkvidrebas niSnavs.

39

    erTiani msoflio satanuri wesrigis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia yovelive RvTiuris, yovelive erovnulis, yovelive jiSianis mospoba da ganadgureba. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi SeqmnisTanave dampyoblur politikas atarebda. maT daimones, an gaanadgures dRevandeli amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis teritoriaze mcxovrebi adgilobrivi tomebi (indielebi). uSualod daipyres britaneTisa da espaneTis imperiebis da meqsikis teritoriebis nawili da daiwyes TavianTi politikuri eqspansiis (am SemTxevaSi ideologiuri dapyroba) gavrceleba jer amerikis kontinentebze, Semdeg mTeli msoflios masStabiT. xedavda ra amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis politikis arss, samxreT amerikis espanuri koloniebis ganmaTavisuflebeli simon bolivari (warmoSobiT baski) ase gamoTqvamda Tavis wuxils axladgaTavisuflebuli laTinuri amerikis xvedris Sesaxeb: `O, Gemo sayvarelo samSoblov, ra Sors xar RmerTisgan da ra axlos amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisgan~.

40

    Tavisi zesaPelmwifoebrivi miswrafebebi amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma gansakuTrebiT II msoflio omis Semdeg gamoavlina. moipova ra msoflioSi gabatonebuli mdgomareba, aRniSnulma zesaPelmwifom uxeSad daiwyo Tavisi nebis Tavs moxveva mTeli msofliosaTvis. aRmoGnda rom, qveynebs ar SeiZleba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis nebarTvis gareSe hqondeT Tanamedrove seriozuli omisaTvis aucilebeli birTvuli SeiaraReba da sxva masobrivi mospobis iaraRi, romelic Tavad amerikis SeerTebul Statebs sakmarisze meti aqvs, ar SeuZliaT icxovron TavianTi kanonebiT, ar SeuZliaT iyolion sakuTari mTavroba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Peldasmis gareSe (amis naTeli magaliTia zviad gamsaxurdias Pelisuflebis damxoba). meore mxriv yoveli adamiani SeiZleba gaxdes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqe. amisTvis aucilebelia mxolod ormxrivi ekonomikuri daintereseba. amerika mxolod fulis (kuWis) ideologiiT Sekruli zesaPelmwifoa da faqtiurad oqros kerpis qurumTa sacxovriss warmoadgens. yoveli adamianisaTvis, romelic amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis moqlaqeobas Rebulobs, mTavaria Tavisi amqveyniuri keTildReoba uzrunvelyos. mas naklebad awuxebs is faqti, rom Tavis `keTildReobas~ indielTa Zvlebze agebs.

41

    Tavidanve amerikis SeerTebul Statebs msoflios masStabiT garkveul winaaRmdegobas ruseTis modernizirebuli imperia, igive `sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri~ uwevda, magram XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan `masonTa~ mowolis Sedegad sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri nelnela daiSala da 1991 wels arseboba Sewyvita, xolo mis memkvidre ruseTs ar Seswevs unari mTeli msoflios masStabiT moqmedebisa. dResdReYsobiT amerikis SeerTebul Statebs mxolod adgilobrivi masStabiT Tu xvdeba winaaRmdegoba da ufro uadvildeba Tavisi miswrafebebis ganxorcieleba, romelsac igi ufrodaufro uxeSi meTodebiT axorcielebs, anu hqmnis ra mtrebis xatebs Tu `borotebis RerZebs~, ieriSi miaqvs urG saPelmwifoebze. jerjerobiT misi erTaderTi Semakavebeli atomuri bombia, magram momavlisTvis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi apirebs Tavisi raketsawinaaRmdego Tavdacvis gaZlierebas.

42

    miuxedavad amerkis kontinentze miRweuli warmatebebisa, `masonebi~ ganagrZobdnen sakuTar moRvaweobas evropaSic. kerZod, maT mier ganadgurebul iqna safrangeTisa da ruseTis samefoebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv msoflio imperiebs warmoadgendnen. sainteresoa, rom niu-iorkSi mdgar egreTwodebul `Tavisuflebis qandakebas~ uWirvs wigni, romelze amotvifrulia ori TariRi: pirveli _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Seqmnisa, meore ki safrangeTis revoluciisa (amboben, rom es qandakeba, romelic amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erT-erTi simboloa, amerikelebisTvis frang masonebs uGuqniaTo). marTalia, safrangeTis samefo `masonebma~ advilad daamxes, magram napoleon I-is wyalobiT Pelisufleba didxans veRar SeinarGunes da safrangeTi mainc msoflio imperiad darGa. Tumca, `masonebi~ udides gavlenas inarGunebdnen safrangeTis PelisuflebaSi da faqtiurad didi xnis ganmavlobaSi kontrols uwevdnen mas.

    SedarebiT Zneli darGa ruseTis imperiis damxoba. amisi pirveli cda 1825 wlis dekemberSi marcxiT dasrulda. XIX saukunis II naxevridan `masonebma~ mTels evropaSi da kerZod ruseTSi wamoiwyes egreTwodebuli marqsistuli moZraoba, romelic `socialuri Tanasworobis~ niRabiT Zirs uTxrida imperiul-monarqistul Pelisuflebebs. Semdegi cdac 1905-1907 wlebSi kvlav marcxiT damrTavda, Tumca mniSvnelovnad Searyia mefe nikoloz II-s Pelisufleba. ruseTis monarqiis damxobas Peli Seuwyo msoflio imperiebs Soris koloniebis gadanawilebisaTvis gamarTulma I msoflio omma, sadac erTi mxriv Tavisi adgilis damkvidrebisaTvis ibrZoda evropis yvelaze Zlieri monarqia germaniis imperia misi susti mokavSireebiT da meores mxriv, zemoTxsenebuli `antanta~, romelSic maSindeli msoflio imperiebi Sediodnen TavianTi mokavSireebiT.

43

    omi xangZlivi da momqancveli gamodga, ramac mniSvnelovnad Searyia PelisufalTa gavlena (avtoriteti). `masonebma~ dro ixelTes SetevisaTvis. Peli Seuwyves ra ruseTis mefis Pelisuflebis damxobas, isini gaurigdnen germaniis PelmZRvanelobas da ruseTis saTaveSi msoflio batonobis `komunisturi~ ideologiis gamtarebeli bolSevikuri Pelisufleba dasves. omidan ruseTis gamoTiSviT germanias mieca SesaZlebloba gaemarjva I msoflio omSi. Zlieri germaniis gamarjveba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar Sedioda `masonTa~ interesebSi da 4 wliani omiT gamofituli germaniis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi GaerTo, riTac gamrjvebis saswori kavlav `antantis~ mxares gadaixara. `masonebma~ isev ixelTes dro da ebraelTa daxmarebiT germaniaSic moawyves revolucia (mogvianebiT ebraelma erma am danaSaulisaTvis saSineli sazRauri gadaixada).

44

    ruseTSi ki `masonebma~ sastiki xocva-JRleta moawyves. isini aSkarad daupirispirdnen marTmadideblur eklesias da bevri axali wminda mowame SesZines mas (erT-erTi maTgani gaxlavT yofili imperatori nikoloz II ojaxiTurT). `masonebma~ komunizmis msoflio batonobis idologiis masobrivad danergva daiwyes.

45

    komunizmi es socialuri Tanasworobis utopiuri ideologia gaxlavT. romelsac aqvs miswrafeba ganxorcieldes mTeli msoflios masStabiT, anu yvela adamiani SeiZleba gaxdes komunisti, xolo samagerod am ideologiiT mTels msoflioSi aucilebelia `proletariatis diqtaturis~ damyareba.

46

    1924 wlidan bolSevikebis saTaveSi moeqca warmoSobiT qarTveli ioseb stalini (juRaSvili). romelmac daiwyo imperiuli ideologiis TandaTan aRorZineba da misi SeTavseba komunizmis msoflio batonobis ideologiasTan, anu moaxdina ruseTis imperiis aRorZineba (reanimacia) da Tanamedrove garemoze morgeba (modernizacia) miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTs formalurad `sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri~ erqva. mTeli misi mmarTvelobis periodSi mimdinareobda mmarTveli komunisturi partiis `wmenda~, anu masonTa pirdapiri ganadgureba. II msoflio omis dros ioseb stalinma aRudgina Tavisi uflebebi marTmadideblur eklesiebs. ruseTi kvlav msoflio imperiad darGa miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirs gaaGnda zesaPelmwifos garkveuli niSnebi. zemoT Tqmulis naTeli magaliTia is, rom sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris urTierToba komunistur GineTTan da YugoslaviasTan didi xnis manZilze, rusuli imperiuli zraxvebis gamo, daZabuli da zogjer pirdapir mtruli gaxldaT maSin, roca amerikis SeerTebuli Statebs arcerT `civilizebul~ saPelmwifosTan uTanxmoeba ar hqonia. aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirSi rusuli imperiuli zraxvebi zesaPelmwifoebriv komunistur ideologiaze maRla idga.

47

    XX saukunis II naxevridan `masonebma~ TandaTan Gaigdes Pelisufleba sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirSi. rom ar momxdariyo imperiis Pelaxali aRorZineba, maT aRniSnuli kavSiri daSales da misi memkvidre, ruseTi mniSvnelovnad daasustes.

48

    msoflio masStabiT mopovebuli warmatebebis Semdeg `masonebi~ cdiloben amerikis SeerTebul Statebs axali zesaPelmwifo dauyenon `konkurentad~. amisaTvis isini cdiloben evropuli qveynebi gaaerTianon axal zesaPelmwifoebriv warmonaqmSi, kerZod _ `evrokavSirSi~.

49

    evrokavSiri `masonTa~ axali mimzidveli wamowyebaa (proeqtia). xedaven ra, rom miuxedavd amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis siZlierisa, misi uxeSi da daufaravad agresuli qmedebebis gamo, aRniSnuli zesaPelmwifo TandaTan bevrisaTvis arasaxarbielo da pirdapir mtuli saPelmwifo xdeba da erTxelac SeiZleba savsebiT daiSalos kidec, radgan auracxel sisxlze da indielTa Zvlebzea aSenebuli, `masonebi~ cdiloben saTadarigo zesaPelmwifoebrivi manqanis Seqmnas. jerjerobiT evrokavSiri Seqmnis procesSia da rTulia masze konkretuli msjeloba. 

50

    amrigad `masonTa~ mizani erTmaneTSi aTqvefili uerovnebo msoflios Gamoyalibebaa. dRes axali msoflio wesrigis ideologebi seriozul winaaRmdegobas islamistur ideologiasTan awydebian, romelic sabolood erTerovani msoflios Gamoyalibebisken miiswrafvis. rogorc vxedavT maT Soris gansxvaveba arc Tu didia da arsebobs saSiSroeba zemoT xsenebuli ideologiebis Serwymisa, an islamistur ideologias samudamod ganadgureba elis.

51

    `masonebis~ sruli gamarjvebisa da satanuri msoflio wesrigis damyarebis SemTxvevaSi, kacobrioba realurad SeiZleba dadges gaxrwnisa da gadagvarebis faqtis winaSe, rac warRvnis Semdeg axal msoflio kataklizmebs gamoiwvevs, ris Sesaxeb ioane RvTismetyveli naTlad gvafrTxilebs Tavis `gamocxadebaSi~.

52

    sainteresoa, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ukve iyideba egreT wodebuli `zombirebis Gipebi~. es Gipi warmoadgens Zalian mcire zomis radio-eleqtronul mowyobilobas, romelic gamoiyeneba fulis movaleobis Sesasruleblad (manamde amas egreTwodebuli sakredito baraTi asrulebda). aRniSnuli Gipebis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia moxdes adamianis kontroli da saWiro SemTxvevaSi, misi fizikuri ganadgureba, sadac ar unda imyofebodes is. teqnikuri ganviTarebis kvaldakval agreTve SesaZlebelia am Gipebis saSualebiT ganxorcieldes kontroli adamianis qcevazec da azrovnebazec ki. amitom aucilebelia, yoveli adamiani gaerTiandes marTmadideblur eklesiaSi, eklesiaSi romelsac `bWeni jojoxeTisani ver ereodian~.